During a chemical reaction there is always an energy change.
^^Exothermic reactions give out energy, therefore there is a temperature rise^^
These reactions can be described as:
Reactants ———> Products + energy
In exothermic reactions energy is transferred to the surroundings so the temperature of the surroundings increases
This energy is transferred from the chemical energy store of the chemical system to the surroundings and so the energy of the system falls - this means that the energy change is negative
The overall transfer is from the %%system to the surroundings%%
@@Combustion, oxidation, and neutralisation reactions are typical exothermic reactions@@
Hand warmers used in the wintertime are based on the release of heat from an exothermic reaction
Self-heating cans of food and drinks such as coffee and hot chocolate also use exothermic reactions in the bases of the containers
mixing silver nitrate and sodium chloride solutions gives a white precipitate of silver chloride- and a temperature rise
EXothermic reactions heat Exits the system
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If more energy is released than is absorbed, then the reaction is exothermic
More energy is released when new bonds are formed than energy required to break the bonds in the reactants
The change in energy is negative since the products have less energy than the reactants
Therefore an exothermic reaction has a negative ΔH value
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These types of reactions are much less common than the exothermic reactions
Electrolysis, thermal decomposition reactions and the first stages of photosynthesis are typical endothermic reactions
Sports injury treatments often use cold packs based on endothermic reactions to take heat away from a recently injured area to prevent swelling
Sherbet us Citric acid plus the base sodium hydrogen carbonate. The neutralization that occurs takes in heat- so your tongue cools.
ENdothermic reactions heat ENters the system
Overall Endothermic Reactions
- If more energy is absorbed to break bonds than is released to form new bonds, this reaction is endothermic overall
- The change in energy is positive since the products have more energy than the reactants
- The symbol ΔH (delta H) is used to show the change in heat energy. H is the symbol for enthaply, which is a measure of the total heat of reaction of a chemical reaction
- Therefore an endothermic reaction has a positive ΔH value, which is shown on the energy level diagrams and in calculations
^^The bond energy is the energy needed to break bonds, or released when these bonds form. It is given in kJ/mole.^^
Calculate the energy change:
equation : Energy change = energy in - energy out
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O ΔH = -2219 kJ/mol
So what makes a good fuel?
Ethanol
Hydrogen
Nuclear Fuels are not burned. They contain unstable atoms called Radioisotopes over time these break down naturally into new atoms give out radiation and a-lot of energy.
But you can also force radioisotopes to breakdown by shooting neutrons at them. That is what happens in a nuclear power station.
The energy given out is used to heat water to make steam. Jets of steam are then used to drive turbines for generating electricity.
Uranium-235 undergoes decay and gives off heat energy which nuclear power stations harness, ( Uranium-235 is often used. When it decays, the new atoms that form are also unstable and break down further)
The heat it produces is used to heat water to steam, which in turn is used to power turbines to generate electricity as we mentioned
Nuclear fuel energy is clean as it does not produce pollutants such as CO2 or oxides of nitrogen or sulfur
It gives out huge amounts of energy, a pellet of nucleus fuel the size of a pea can give as much energy as a tone of coal.
No CO2 or other polluting gases are formed.
disadvantage = But nuclear power plants are expensive to build and maintain as well as being potentially dangerous in the event of an accident as radioactive materials may be released
disadvantages = Radioactive waste still needs to be safely stored so that it does not contaminate the local ecosystems
Hydrogen Fuel cells
- A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell in which a fuel donates electrons at one electrode and oxygen gains electrons at the other electrode
- This keeps the hydrogen and oxygen separate, reducing the hazards associated with combusion of hydrogen
- The only product is water
- These cells are becoming more common in the automotive industry to replace petrol or diesel engines
- H2 and O2 are pumped through two porous electrodeswhere the half-reactions occur
- The following reaction occurs at the anode:
- This keeps the hydrogen and oxygen separate, reducing the hazards associated with combusion of hydrogen
- The only product is water
- These cells are becoming more common in the automotive industry to replace petrol or diesel engines
- H2 and O2 are pumped through two porous electrodeswhere the half-reactions occur
- The following reaction occurs at the anode:
Advantages
They do not produce any pollution
They produce more energy per kilogram than either petrol or diesel
No power is lost on transmission as there are far fewer moving parts than in an internal combustion engine
Fuel cells are quiet and lightweight compared to combustion engines
Disadvantages
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