Adaptations

- Capture, store, and transmit energy

- Reproduction

- Adapt to environment

- Change over time

What are the 4 things that makes something alive?

- To reproduce

- Avoid being eaten

- Find food

What is the meaning of life?

- Eukarya

- Bacteria

- Archaea

What are the 3 domains of the taxonomy system?

Eukarya

All organisms with eukaryotic cells (cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles)

Bacteria

Prokaryotic cells that differ from Archaea in their cell wall + other characteristics

Archaea

Prokaryotic organisms found in extreme environments (cells without a nucleus) (microscopic)

Carlus Linnaeus

Who created the taxonomic classification and developed basis of modern classification of organisms?

Taxonomy

Systematic classification of organisms (physical characteristics) (genetic information)

- Behavior

- Habitat

- Function

What are some other classification schemes?

Plankton

Floaters/can't swim against the currents/not a strong swimmer

Nekton

Swimmers/can swim against the currents

Benthic

Bottom of the ocean

Pelagic

Water column

Neritic

Shallow waters

Oceanic

Deeper waters

- Primary producers

- Consumers

- Predators

What are the different functions marine organisms could have?

More

.... land species than marine species (bc of the different lands on the surface)

uniform

Ocean has relatively ... conditions (stable so there is not much diversity) (vulnerable to climate change)

required

Less adaptation ..., less speciation

majority

The vast ... of species in the ocean are benthic while 2% are pelagic

withstand

Organisms in the ocean are less able to ... environmental changes

- Organisms need to be where food and mates are

- Photosynthetic organisms need to be near the surface where there is light

What do organisms do in order to maintain their position in a fluid environment?

Viscosity

The ability of a liquid to flow (temperature and salinity affects it)

adaptations

Most ... relate to viscosity

lower

Warm water = ... viscosity

higher

Cold water = ... viscosity

higher

Higher salinity = ... viscosity

lower

Lower salinity = ... viscosity

swim

Organisms that actively .. need to conserve energy

buoyancy

The ability to float

surface area to volume

Buoyancy is best/high when the ... ratio

- Small size

- Appendages

What can affect buoyancy?

- Gas exchange

- Nutrient uptake

- Excretion of waste

What are the impacts of buoyancy?

- fewer appendages in cold water

- more appendages in warm water

How to appendages resist to sinking?

- Smaller size

- Oil in some, except micro-organisms

- Gas chambers, bladder, pneumatocysts

How to organisms resist to sinking?

Streamline

Making your body into a cone shape to reduce drag in the water.

viscosity

... of water can hinder swimmers

displaced

Water hitting the streamline musty be ... in front

turbulance

As water move back into place behind, creates ...

drag

streamlining reduces ...

- Shape with least resistance to fluid flow

- Flattened body

- Tapered back end

What are the characteristics of a streamlined organism?

- Evolve

- Manipulate their body

- streamline

Certain organisms can.... to swim fast

rete mirable

Counter-current circulation transfers heat in ...

Warm muscles

What is rete mirable?

- Narrow range

- Small variations (daily, seasonally, annually)

The ocean temperature has ...

Deep ocean

... is nearly isotherm, larger range in coastal areas

land

Ocean temperatures more stable than ....

- Higher heat capacity of water

- Solar radiation does not penetrate to deep ocean layers

- Warming reduced by evaporation

- Mixing

The ocean temperatures have:

Stenothermal

Organisms within small variation in temperature

- open ocean at depth

- tropics

- polar regions

Most stenothermals are in..

Eurythermal

Organisms withstand large variation in temperature

large swimming organisms

Most eurythermals are..

Plankton (floating organisms)

Smaller in warmer regions and have more appendages

Tropical organisms

Grow faster, live shorter lives, and reproduce more often than cold water organisms

warmer seawater

More species are in...

red

In the ocean, .... penatrates the least and is common in marine life

blue

In the ocean, ... penatrates the most

Accessory pigments

Photosynthetic organisms use accessory pigments that complement chlorophyl

Photosynthetic organisms

... have a lot of accessory pigments

osmoregulators

Regulates the concentration of salts in cells/bodies

salt

Concentration of ... in seawater is higher than in cells

diffusion

.. goes from areas of high concentration to low

cell membrane

Salts cannot easily diffues across ...., but water can

lose

More organisms in sea continually .... water

- prevent loss

- replace it

Organisms in sea that loses water must either... (ex: marine fishes (fishes with bones only))

tough and succulent

Leaves are....

leaves

Trees may concentrate salt in ... and drop them

salt glands

Some trees use .... to excrete salt

roots

Some trees exclude slat at the ... (reverse osmosis)

specialized organs

Animals extract dissolved O2 from seawater as well as exchange O2 and CO2 directly with seawater through...

- Gills

- Branchiae

- Integument

- Respiratory trees

What are the names of the specialized organisms?

kill

Low marine oxygen levels can...

Broadcast spawning

Eggs + sperm released into seawater (spreads like pollen: tree sperm)

Brooding

Eggs/young protected by parents, nest, or environment

- appearance

- behavioral

Organisms can avoid predation by changing their...

- countershading

- transparency

- camouflage

- disruptive coloration

What are some appearance changes?

countershading

Helps organisms in water columns (a way to blend in from different perspective)

Transparency

Blend in by being/looking transparent like water

Disruptive coloration

Has a bunch of confusing colors that you can't tell what it is

- mutualism

- commensalism

- parasitism

- schooling

What are some behavioral changes?

mutualism

2 organisms interact with each other and they are both benefited

commensalism

Only one benefits and the other is not effected

parasitism

Parasites either in or outside the body (only the parasite benefit and the host is harmed)

schooling

Same species traveling together

Shool

Different species traveling together

Vertical migrations

Organisms from the water column change their buoyancy at night and float upwards to eat food

Crepuscular predators

Active during dawn and dusk

photosynthesis

... occurs at the surface

light

... is much on the surface and little the further you go