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Creds to Callie for making this on quizlet
AP BIO course involves...
studying theories laws hypothsises etc that understand organisms and biological systems.
The Science Practices are...
Skills you learn in the course. Ex. Concept explanation, analyzing data and pictures, determine sci qs and methods, conduct tests and make arguments w evidence.
Big Ideas of the Course...
Evolution: drives diversity and unity and life.
Energetics: The use of energy/molecular building blocks to survive and reproduce.
Info storage and transmission: store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to info to live.
System interactions: how bio systems work and interact with each other.
Science is...
inquiry (search for info/an explanation) and involves making observations and forming hypothesis
Observations describe...
natural structures and processes.
Data is...
recorded observations
Ms. Diran says that the more data leads to...
more accurate and specific results.
Qualitative Data is...
Observations measured through the 5 senses
Quantitative Data is...
Measured through instruments and numbers
Inductive Reasoning is...
using a lot of specific info/data to make generalizations
Deductive Reasoning is...
general ideas/predictions to get specific results
Hypothesis use...
Deductive reasoning (general ideas to get specific conclusions)
Hypothesis are...
predictions that can be tested by recording observations and conducting experiments. They are explanations to a question.
Format of a hypothesis is...
IF [the IV...], the [the DV...] because
Can hypothesis be proven?
NO!!!! They can only be supported or refuted.
Types of hypothesis include...
Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis
The Null hypothesis (H subscript 0) is...
the first hypothesis that you write. This hypothesis disproves or nullifies any difference or change and that the observations are due to CHANCE.
Ex: There is no difference/no effect....
The Alternative Hypothesis (H subscript 1/2/3... or A/B/C...) is...
the hypothesis that supports a change or difference or relationship between the variables. Opposite of the null hypothesis.
Create a null and alternate hypothesis based on this question: Does eating breakfast affect a students performance on a math test?
Null: There is no effect of eating breakfast on students performance on a math test.
Alternative: If a student eats breakfast, then their performance on a math test will improve because they have more brain power.
Scientific Method
scientists follow this method usually but it varies on the research.
Theories...
summarize a group of different scientists hypotheses to make a broad idea that is generally accepted (for example evolution). Once a hypothesis goes against a theory, the theory must change. Therefore, a theory can never be a law.
Scientific Laws are...
Factual statements that are backed by a mathematical formula. These formulas describe observations of the natural world and laws are always accepted to be true/universal. EXAMPLE: Newtons laws.
To conduct an experiment you need...
to start with an observation to make a hypothesis. Must have control groups and experimental groups, IV and DV, constants, and at least 3 trials.
Control groups are...
groups that has expected results and isn't touched by the IV. They eliminate bias and error and validate the results of the experiment.
Negative control groups are...
control groups where the subjects are not exposed to any treatment or any treatment that is known to have no effect. (So if we are testing a new drug, the negative control group would have a placebo). Negative control groups experience 0 change.
Positive control groups are...
control groups where the subjects are not exposed to the tested treatment or IV. (If we are testing a new drug, the positive control group would be exposed to Tylenol to show that headaches can be relieved for these patients and to compare the new drug's effectiveness to the leading drug).
Experimental groups are...
groups where the IV is being altered slightly and differently in each group.
Variables are...
something that is changed in the experiment (for example: the length of the shot is the variable).
Constants are...
factors that are not changed throughout the entire experiment. (For example: the size of the basket).
IV is...
the manipulated variable. it represents a quantity being changes throughout the trials. (for example: the distance (cm) of the shot).
DV is...
the variable that is measured in the experiment. It depends on and is affected by the IV. The quantity of the DV changes when the IV is manipulated. (Ex: number of made baskets).
Why do you only changed the IV in the experiment?
Because you need to see how the IV affects the DV and what causes what, one trial at a time. If you change the DV or anything else, you don't know if it is still the IV that affected the DV.
Note
Flashcard