Chapter 15 Comas-Dias, L. (2019). Multicultural theories of Psychotherapy. In: D Wedding & R.J. Corsini (Eds.)

ethnocentrism

belief that one's worldview is inherently superior and desirable to others

what do multicultural psychotherapists do?

examine their clients' as well as their own worldviews-> explore their professional socialization and potential bias, examine the cultural applicability of their interventions and promote culturally relevant therapeutic strategies

cultural sensitivity

awareness, respect, and appreciation for cultural diversity

What happens when mainstream psychotherapies fail to examine the historical and sociopolitical contexts?

they ignore the role of power and privilege in people's lives

cultural competence

refers to the set of knowledge, behaviors, attitudes, skills, and policies that enables a practitioner to work effectively in a multicultural situation

cultural constructionism

process whereby individuals construct their world through social processes that contain cultural symbols and metaphors

multicultural psychotherapy

-culture-centered holistic approach that offers practical methods designed to enhance healing and liberation
->multicultural psychotherapies infuse cultural competence into clinical practice

Regrettably, because of their individualistic worldview, mainstream psychotherapists tend to interpret multicultural clients' normative cultural behaviors as......

.........resistance, inferiority, or deviance

Cultural competence

set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, policies that reflect an understanding of how cultural and sociopolitical influences shape individuals' worldviews and related health behaviors

to become culturally competent, you need to

-become aware of your worldview,
-examine your attitude toward cultural differences,
-learn about different worldviews,
-develop multicultural skills.

culture

individuals' total environment. It includes beliefs, values, practices, institutions, and psychological processes, as well as language, cognition, and perception

APA´s first series of multicultural guidelines

Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Clients

APA´s second series of multicultural guidelines

Guidelines
on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice and Organization

Steps on spectrum of development of cultural competence

-Cultural destructiveness
-cultural incapacity
-cultural blindness
-cultural precompetence
-cultural competence

Cultural destructiveness

characterized by attitudes, policies, and practices that are destructive to cultures and to individuals within cultures (e.g., English-only mandates)

cultural incapacity

individuals believe in the racial superiority of the dominant group and assume a paternalistic and ignorant position toward culturally diverse people

cultural blindness

individuals believe that culture makes no difference and thus the values of the dominant culture are universally applicable and beneficial

cultural precompetence

individuals desire to provide an equitable and fair treat- ment with cultural sensitivity but do not know exactly how to proceed

cultural competence

individuals value and respect cultural differences, engage in continuing self-assessment regarding culture, pay attention to the dynamics of difference, continue expanding their knowledge and resources, and endorse a variety of adaptations to belief systems, policies, and practices

cultural trauma,

legacy of adversity, pain, and suffering among many minority group members

soul wound

product of sociohistorical oppression, ungrieved losses, internalized oppression, and learned helplessness

aversive racism

people who appeared nonprejudiced in self-report measures often have generally negative attitudes toward blacks

cultural humility

-lifelong development
-entails an ongoing self-awareness, self-reflection, and self-assessment in which the therapist ex- hibits an interpersonal stance that is other directed (rather than self-focused), avoiding the natural tendency to view one's worldview as superior

white privilege

nacknowledged systems that give power to European Americans and male individuals

medical apartheid

-medical experimentation and abuse among POC

culturalism

psychotherapeutic use of culture-specific folk healing

identity politics

-movements examined the power and oppression dynamics between dominant group members and minorities
-highlighted the civil rights and needs of marginalized groups.

psychology of colonization

-Frantz Fanon (1967)
-the economic and emotional dependence of the colonized on the colonizer
-

Reevaluation counseling (RC)

empowering co-counseling approach in which two or more individuals take turns listening to each other without interruption to recover

Council of National Psychological Associations for the Advancement of Ethnic Minority Issues

-coalition composed of the APA Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues, the Asian American Psychological Association, the Association of Black Psychologists, the National Latina(o) Psychological Association, and the Society of Indian Psychologists
- advocates for the delivery of effective psychological services to people of color

cultural competence

refers to knowledge and skills required to work effectively in any cross-cultural clinical encounter

psychology of liberation

-ethnic psychotherapy
-emerged as a response to sociopolitical oppression
-attempt to work with people in context through strategies that enhance awareness of oppression and of the ideologies and structural inequality that have kept them subjugated and oppressed

Basic idea behind the minority identity development stage

proposes that members of racial and ethnic minority groups initially value the dominant group and devalue their own group, then move to value their own group while devaluing the dominant group, and then, in a final stage, integrate appreciation for both groups

the five minority identity development stages

1.conformity
2.dissonance
3.resistance immersion
4.introspection
5.synergistic

conformity (minority identity development stages)

individuals internalize racism and choose values, lifestyles, and role models from the dominant group

dissonance (minority identity development stages)

individuals begin to question and suspect the dominant group's cultural values

resistance immersion (minority identity development stages)

individuals endorse minority-held views and reject the domi- nant culture's values;

introspection (minority identity development stages)

individuals establish their racial ethnic identity without following all cultural norms, beginning to question how certain values fit with their personal identity;

synergistic (minority identity development stages)

individuals experience a sense of self-fulfillment toward their racial-ethnic-cultural identity without having to categorically accept their minority group's values

Racial identity development models

Aims to explain how identity of members of the dominant society is shaped