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Power to tax

Is a concurrent power shared by both state and federal governments.

Devolution

The transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by the central government to local or regional administration.

Creative federalism

A concept where the federal government recognizes the needs of the country and directs states on what to do.

Categorical grants

Specific grants given out with strict rules for use.

Competitive grant

A type of grant awarded based on competition among applicants.

Reserved powers

Powers not granted to the federal government are reserved for the states, as confirmed by the 10th amendment.

McCulloch v. Maryland

A Supreme Court case that upheld federal power by affirming the supremacy of the federal government and the necessary and proper clause.

Wickard v. Filburn

A case that expanded the interpretation of the Commerce Clause, allowing federal regulation of local activities that affect interstate commerce.

Gonzales v. Raich

A Supreme Court case that regulated marijuana production under the Commerce Clause, similar in reasoning to Wickard v. Filburn.

South Dakota v. Dole

Affirmed that Congress could attach conditions to federal funding as long as they are clear and related to a national interest.

Us v. Lopez

A case questioning Congress's authority to pass the Gun-Free School Zones Act under the Commerce Clause.

Revenue sharing

A program that used to be common for distributing federal revenue to state and local governments, but is now rare.

Welfare Reform Act

An act that utilized a block grant to distribute welfare funds.

Federalists

Those who wanted to ratify the Constitution.

Anti-Federalists

Those who advocated for the inclusion of a Bill of Rights.

Gibbons v. Ogden

A Supreme Court ruling that strengthened federal power over interstate commerce.

Block Grants

Grants that offer more flexibility in spending compared to categorical grants.

Formula Grants

Grants based on a predetermined formula, such as population.

Project Grants

Grants awarded based on competitive project proposals.

Entitlement Grants

Direct financial assistance provided to individuals.

Dual Federalism

A model emphasizing separate powers with clear boundaries between state and federal roles.

Cooperative Federalism

A model encouraging collaboration between national and state governments.

New Federalism

An approach aimed at reducing federal control and increasing state power.

Picket Fence Federalism

Focuses on collaboration across different levels of government for specific policy areas.

Power to tax

Concurrent power shared between federal and state governments.

Devolution

The transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, particularly from central to local or regional authorities.

Creative federalism

A federal government approach where it identifies national needs and directs states accordingly.

Categorical grants

Specific grants provided for a particular purpose with strict rules on spending.

Competitive grant

Grants awarded based on a competitive application process.

Reserved powers

Powers given to the states in the 10th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

McCulloch v Maryland

A Supreme Court case affirming Congress's authority to establish a national bank and that states cannot tax it.

Wickard v. Filburn

A case where the Supreme Court broadened federal regulatory power, ruling that personal wheat production affected interstate commerce.

Gonzales v. Raich

A case expanding the federal government’s power to regulate marijuana under the Commerce Clause.

South Dakota v. Dole

A Supreme Court case affirming that Congress can attach conditions to federal funds to encourage state compliance with national laws.

US v. Lopez

A case questioning Congress's authority under the Commerce Clause to enact the Gun-Free School Zones Act.

Revenue sharing

A financial allocation method that is no longer legally practiced.

Welfare Reform Act

Legislation using block grants to distribute federal welfare assistance.

Federalists

Supporters of the ratification of the Constitution.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution who wanted a Bill of Rights.

Gibbons v. Ogden

A case that strengthened federal power over interstate commerce by ruling state-granted monopolies invalid.

Dual Federalism

A model of federalism where power is divided into layers, with distinct responsibilities for federal and state governments.

Cooperative Federalism

A model of federalism where national and state governments work together in policy areas.

Creative Federalism

A model emphasizing federal involvement in state programs and social issues.

New Federalism

An approach aiming to reduce federal control and increase state power.

Picket Fence Federalism

A model focused on cooperation among various government levels for specific policies.

Civil Rights Act (1964)

Legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Controlled Substances Act (1970)

Law that classified drugs into schedules based on their potential for abuse and medical use.

Clean Air Act (1970)

Legislation aimed at controlling air pollution by regulating emissions.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965)

A federal initiative to improve educational opportunities for low-income students.

Clean Water Act (1972)

Law regulating water pollution to restore and maintain U.S. water quality.

No Child Left Behind (2002)

Reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, emphasizing accountability and education standards.

Endangered Species Act (1973)

Law for the conservation of threatened and endangered species and their habitats.

Every Student Succeeds Act (2015)

Replaced No Child Left Behind, aiming for greater state control over education while maintaining accountability.

Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)

Civil rights law prohibiting discrimination against individuals with disabilities.

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996

Welfare reform legislation reducing federal assistance and promoting job training.