intellectual revolutions in europe

scientific revolution

science and logic was used to explain why the world and planets were the way they were

copernicus

developed heliocentric theory = sun is at the center of the solar system

galileo

supporter of copernicus, put on trial by cahtolic church

newton

calculus and gravity

kepler

the planets moved in an elliptical orbit

descartes + francis bacon

supproted the scientific method

what did the scientific revolution challenege

the authority of catholic church

what did the scientific revolution lead to

enlightenment

the enlightenmetn: what was it and what was it also called

“age of reason”

reason was used in politics and to improve society

natural law

universal rules that are always true

waht kind of govt did enlightenment philosophers believe in

democracy

john locke

• all people have natural rights (life, liberty, property)

• people can overthrow govt if the govt did not protect the natural rights

hobbes

believed that people are naturally evil

• ABSOLUTISM = GOOD

mary wollstonecraft

rights for women (especially education)

montersqueiu

govt should be divded into three branches

• separation of powers

• checks and balances

voltaire

• freedom of speech

• freedom of religioun

rousseau

society is social contract

• all people give up some rights to have an orderly society

olympe de gouge

fought for women rights during french revolution

• declaration of the rights of women

what did the enlightnment help cause

revolutions in france, latin america, and the US

enlightened despots

used enlightenment ideas to further their power and support of the citizens

early exploration in africa

europeans took slaves from africa to americas to work on plantations

middle passage

voyage of salves from africa to americas

mercatnilism

colonies exist to make mother coutry wealthy

triangular trade

1. europeans → africa to get slaves

2. brought the slaves to colonies in americas

3. went back to europe with goods from americas

political revolution

people overthrow a govt to create a new govt

french revolution

peple of france overthrew louis XVI (16th)

reasons for french revolution

TEAM

• t = taxes

• e = enlightenment

• a = american revolution

• m = monarchy

what was french societ divided into

1st estate = clergy

2nd estate= noblility

3rd estate = everyone else

why were the people of 3rd estate mad

• few rights

• high taxes (even though they made the least)

france was ruled by absolute monarchs, what did the kings do

spend too much money and send france into debt

declaration of the rights of man

doc written during french revolution to give equal rights to men and fair taxes

• not women.. this is where olympe de gouge came in

reign of terror

people of french reevolution killled anybody who supported absolute monarchy

reign of terror led by?

jacobins (extremely radical)

• led by robespierre

what happened to king louis XVi and his wife maria antoinette

executed

did the middle class improve

yes, more rights

what happened to robespierre

executed by the national convention

4 stages of the french revoluition

1. national assembly = the 3rd estate

2. lesgislative assembly = more radical

3. convention = abolished monarchy, MOST RADICAL

4. the directory = businesses made laws in their favor, most corrupt

napoleon bonaparte

ruler of france after french revolution

• the directory wanted to use him to their favor

• the directory was gotten rid of instead

got lots of land for france = french nationalism

how was napoleon bonaparte defeated

invaded russia during winter and that killd much of his grand army

latin american revolutions

latin american colonies wanted to gain independence

the latin hierarchy

1. peninsulares = people born in spain and living in americas

2. creoles = europeans born in latin america

3. mestizos = mixed european and native americans

4. mulatto = mixed european and african

5. native americans and african slaves

what inspried the latin americans to fight

enlightenment, french revolution, american revolution

simon bolivar

took over venezeula, columbia + others

• wanted to unite latin america

san martin

took over argentina, chile

• also wanted to unite latiin america but let bolivar be the leader

miguel hidalago

MEXICO

• was a priest

• Gave a sermon - el grito de dolores

• Told ppl to rise against spanish

• Unsuccessful since TOO WEAK

toussaint l’overture

led haitian revolution with slaves

• was successful since the slaves were former soldiers and the upper powers did not expect them to be that strong

gran columbia and did it work

united latin america

• didnt work because latin america has many natural boundaires that prevented communication

what was gran columbia split into

columbia, venezuela, ecuador