Unit 4 Full Review AP Psychology
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63 Terms
Q: What is attribution in psychology?
Explaining behavior and mental processes of oneself and others.
Q: What is a dispositional attribution?
Explaining behavior by internal qualities like personality.
Q: What is a situational attribution?
Explaining behavior by external circumstances.
Q: What is explanatory style?
A pattern in how people explain events, either optimistically or pessimistically.
Q: What is actor/observer bias?
Attributing others' actions to personality but your own to the situation.
Q: What is the fundamental attribution error?
Overestimating personality and underestimating situation in others' behavior.
Q: What is self-serving bias?
Taking credit for success but blaming external factors for failure.
Q: What is the mere exposure effect?
Liking something more after repeated exposure.
Q: What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
Acting in a way that causes beliefs to come true.
Q: What is social comparison?
Judging yourself based on comparison to others.
Q: What is relative deprivation?
Feeling deprived by comparing yourself to others.
Q: What is cognitive dissonance?
Mental discomfort from conflicting actions and beliefs.
Q: What is belief perseverance?
Holding on to beliefs even with contradictory evidence.
Q: What is confirmation bias?
Favoring info that supports your belief.
Q: What are implicit attitudes?
Unconscious beliefs that may affect behavior.
Q: What is the just-world phenomenon?
Belief that people get what they deserve.
Q: What is out-group homogeneity bias?
Believing out-group members are all the same.
Q: What is in-group bias?
Favoring your own group.
Q: What is ethnocentrism?
Believing your culture is superior.
Q: What is a stereotype?
A generalized belief about a group.
Q: What is the bystander effect?
Less likely to help when others are around.
Q: What is altruism?
Helping others selflessly.
Q: What is the social reciprocity norm?
Helping others expecting they’ll help back.
Q: What is the social responsibility norm?
Helping others because it’s the right thing to do.
Q: What do I/O psychologists study?
Work behavior, team dynamics, and workplace well-being.
Q: What are superordinate goals?
Shared goals that unite conflicting groups.
Q: What is a social trap?
Acting selfishly harms the group.
Q: What is the false consensus effect?
Overestimating how much others agree with you.
Q: What is social facilitation?
Performing better in front of others.
Q: What is group polarization?
Group discussion strengthens group’s opinions.
Q: What is groupthink?
Group harmony overrides realistic thinking.
Q: What is diffusion of responsibility?
Feeling less responsible in a group.
Q: What is social loafing?
Putting in less effort in a group.
Q: What is deindividuation?
Losing self-awareness in a group.
Q: What is individualism?
Prioritizing personal goals.
Q: What is collectivism?
Prioritizing group goals.
Q: What is multiculturalism?
Valuing diverse cultural backgrounds.
Q: What does obedience research study?
When people follow authority.
Q: What does conformity research study?
When people follow social norms.
Q: What is the foot-in-the-door technique?
Agreeing to a small request makes bigger ones more likely.
Q: What is the door-in-the-face technique?
Refusing a large request increases chance of agreeing to a smaller one.
Q: What is central route to persuasion?
Persuasion through logic and evidence.
Q: What is peripheral route to persuasion?
Persuasion through superficial cues like attractiveness.
Q: What is the halo effect?
Assuming someone has good traits based on one positive quality.
Q: What is social influence theory?
Social pressure can be informational or normative.
Q: What are social norms?
Expected behaviors in a group or culture.
Q: What does humanistic theory focus on?
Unconditional regard and self-actualization.
Q: What are projective tests used for?
Revealing unconscious thoughts.
Q: What drives personality in psychodynamic theory?
Unconscious processes.
Q: What do ego defense mechanisms do?
Unconsciously protect the ego from stress.
Q: What is reciprocal determinism?
Interaction between personal, behavioral, and environmental factors.
Q: What is self-concept?
How someone views themselves.
Q: What is self-efficacy?
Belief in one’s ability to succeed.
Q: What is self-esteem?
One’s overall self-worth.
Q: What are trait theories?
Personality is made of enduring traits.
Q: What are the Big Five traits?
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
Q: What regulates hunger?
Hormones like ghrelin and leptin via the hypothalamus.
Q: What influences eating behavior?
Hormones, food presence, time, and social events.
Q: What is emotion?
A complex psychological reaction to internal/external factors.
Q: What is the facial-feedback hypothesis?
Facial expressions influence emotional experience.
Q: What is the broaden-and-build theory?
Positive emotions expand awareness and action.
Q: Are emotions universal across cultures?
Some may be, like anger or happiness, but results are mixed.
Q: What are display rules?
Cultural norms for expressing emotions.