Unit 4 AP Psychology

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63 Terms

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Q: What is attribution in psychology?

Explaining behavior and mental processes of oneself and others.

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Q: What is a dispositional attribution?

Explaining behavior by internal qualities like personality.

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Q: What is a situational attribution?

Explaining behavior by external circumstances.

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Q: What is explanatory style?

A pattern in how people explain events, either optimistically or pessimistically.

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Q: What is actor/observer bias?

Attributing others' actions to personality but your own to the situation.

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Q: What is the fundamental attribution error?

Overestimating personality and underestimating situation in others' behavior.

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Q: What is self-serving bias?

Taking credit for success but blaming external factors for failure.

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Q: What is the mere exposure effect?

Liking something more after repeated exposure.

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Q: What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Acting in a way that causes beliefs to come true.

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Q: What is social comparison?

Judging yourself based on comparison to others.

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Q: What is relative deprivation?

Feeling deprived by comparing yourself to others.

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Q: What is cognitive dissonance?

Mental discomfort from conflicting actions and beliefs.

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Q: What is belief perseverance?

Holding on to beliefs even with contradictory evidence.

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Q: What is confirmation bias?

Favoring info that supports your belief.

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Q: What are implicit attitudes?

Unconscious beliefs that may affect behavior.

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Q: What is the just-world phenomenon?

Belief that people get what they deserve.

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Q: What is out-group homogeneity bias?

Believing out-group members are all the same.

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Q: What is in-group bias?

Favoring your own group.

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Q: What is ethnocentrism?

Believing your culture is superior.

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Q: What is a stereotype?

A generalized belief about a group.

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Q: What is the bystander effect?

Less likely to help when others are around.

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Q: What is altruism?

Helping others selflessly.

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Q: What is the social reciprocity norm?

Helping others expecting they’ll help back.

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Q: What is the social responsibility norm?

Helping others because it’s the right thing to do.

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Q: What do I/O psychologists study?

Work behavior, team dynamics, and workplace well-being.

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Q: What are superordinate goals?

Shared goals that unite conflicting groups.

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Q: What is a social trap?

Acting selfishly harms the group.

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Q: What is the false consensus effect?

Overestimating how much others agree with you.

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Q: What is social facilitation?

Performing better in front of others.

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Q: What is group polarization?

Group discussion strengthens group’s opinions.

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Q: What is groupthink?

Group harmony overrides realistic thinking.

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Q: What is diffusion of responsibility?

Feeling less responsible in a group.

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Q: What is social loafing?

Putting in less effort in a group.

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Q: What is deindividuation?

Losing self-awareness in a group.

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Q: What is individualism?

Prioritizing personal goals.

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Q: What is collectivism?

Prioritizing group goals.

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Q: What is multiculturalism?

Valuing diverse cultural backgrounds.

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Q: What does obedience research study?

When people follow authority.

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Q: What does conformity research study?

When people follow social norms.

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Q: What is the foot-in-the-door technique?

Agreeing to a small request makes bigger ones more likely.

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Q: What is the door-in-the-face technique?

Refusing a large request increases chance of agreeing to a smaller one.

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Q: What is central route to persuasion?

Persuasion through logic and evidence.

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Q: What is peripheral route to persuasion?

Persuasion through superficial cues like attractiveness.

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Q: What is the halo effect?

Assuming someone has good traits based on one positive quality.

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Q: What is social influence theory?

Social pressure can be informational or normative.

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Q: What are social norms?

Expected behaviors in a group or culture.

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Q: What does humanistic theory focus on?

Unconditional regard and self-actualization.

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Q: What are projective tests used for?

Revealing unconscious thoughts.

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Q: What drives personality in psychodynamic theory?

Unconscious processes.

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Q: What do ego defense mechanisms do?

Unconsciously protect the ego from stress.

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Q: What is reciprocal determinism?

Interaction between personal, behavioral, and environmental factors.

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Q: What is self-concept?

How someone views themselves.

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Q: What is self-efficacy?

Belief in one’s ability to succeed.

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Q: What is self-esteem?

One’s overall self-worth.

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Q: What are trait theories?

Personality is made of enduring traits.

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Q: What are the Big Five traits?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

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Q: What regulates hunger?

Hormones like ghrelin and leptin via the hypothalamus.

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Q: What influences eating behavior?

Hormones, food presence, time, and social events.

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Q: What is emotion?

A complex psychological reaction to internal/external factors.

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Q: What is the facial-feedback hypothesis?

Facial expressions influence emotional experience.

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Q: What is the broaden-and-build theory?

Positive emotions expand awareness and action.

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Q: Are emotions universal across cultures?

Some may be, like anger or happiness, but results are mixed.

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Q: What are display rules?

Cultural norms for expressing emotions.