Exploration

A land bridge that linked Asia to the Americas

Bering Strait

How did people migrate to the Americas?

1) Through the Bering Strait
2) Through boats (sea)

Archaic Period

Humans began to support themselves through hunting and gathering

Incas

Located in the Andes of Peru

The largest empire in the Americas

Most local leaders allied w/the Incas

Olmec

The first complex society

Mayans

Developed a calendar, a system of writing, numerical system, agricultural systems, and trade routes

Aztecs (Mexica)

Developed a city w/buildings, a school, a military, a medical system, and slave work

Had dominance of Central Mexico through a SYSTEM OF TRIBUTE

Mexica believed that the gods drew power through HUMAN SACRIFICE

System of Tribute

Heavy taxes paid in crops, goods, or animals

Eskimos of Arctic Circle

People of Alaska

Hunting (seals), gathering, fishing

Frozen land, so the dogsled was used

In the north there was violet competition for natural resources

Commonly hunted in the north

Buffalo

Why were northeast societies nomadic?

The land was less fertile, so tribes exploited the land and then left

Iroquois included five "nations"

Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca

Alliances among tribes

These connections were fragile, as members did not think of themselves as part of the same civilization.

(very rare for tribes to team up)

Agricultural revolution in America

Tribes became more sedentary, developing food sources, clothing, and shelter

Population growth

Religion in tribes

Social customs, rituals, traditions

Worshipped many gods

Staged religious festivals, harvests, or hunts

Gender in tribes

Tasks divided based on gender

Tasks differ tribe to truve

Women tasks in tribes

children, meals, gathering certain foods

Iroquois women

Iroquois women and kids were alone while men hunted, so women gained economic and social control

Women carried powerful roles in families

Where are Iroquois centered?

Upstate New York

Positivists

believed real knowledge could be derived only from scientific observations of "facts"

What made sea exploration possible in Europe

1) New ship technology
2) Rise in population
3)Uprising in commerce
4)Religion

Caravel

A small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship

Crab sail

Could resists strong winds

Astrolabe

Determines latitude

Why did missionaries want to spread religion?

The Protestant Reformation!

Ever since ___'s return in the late 1200s, Europeans hoped for more commercial glory.

Marco Polo

Conquistadors

Spanish conquerors who enslaved natives and tried to find gold (wealth)

Smallpox

Unleashed upon the natives from European contact

Allowed Spanish to win against the natives + conquer the New World

"Gift from God"

Don Juan de Onate

Cruel to the Pueblo Indians

Claimed land from the Pueblos

Distributed ENCOMIENDAS

Encomiendas

Licenses to exact labor and tribute from the natives in specific areas

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

Colony nearly destroyed

Drove Spanish out for 12 years

Due to religious repression + drought

Who lead the Pueblo Revolt?

Pope (indigenous religious leader)

Economic: Spanish vs. British

Spanish were better at extracting wealth from colonies

Social: Spanish vs. Others

Spanish didn't focus on growing their population, while others did and wanted to form permanent settlements

How was killing natives tolerated?

Religion - Europeans saw natives who refused christianity as evil and impure. They thought the natives were going to go to hell anyway, so they thought they should rid the world of them.

Maize (corn)

Supported economic development, settlements, irrigation, and social diversification (was a staple)

How did catholicism spread?

Persuasion and force

Intermarriage

Marriage between members of different racial groups (Spanish + natives)

Sometimes a form of labor recruitment

Mestizos

Mixed race

Why did Europeans start to import African slaves?

Because of the decline of the native population (sickness + warfare)

Matrilineal

Heredity and inheritance traced through the mother

Slavery before Europeans

1) Usually not permanent
2) Children did not inherit slavery

European slavery was very different!

Why did the demand for slavery rise in the 16th century?

Increase in demand for sugarcane

England's first experience w/colonization

Ireland

What did the English do in Ireland?

1) Too territory
2) Subdued natives

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

Served as a governor in Ireland and suppressed native rebellions w/viciousness

• viewed natives badly
• managed to justify cruelty against natives
• took these ideas to the New World

Plantations

Transplantations of English society in a foreign land

"Pale of settlement"

Area physically separate from the natives

What kind of people came to America from France?

Business men

What did the French do differently from everyone else when settling in America?

Formed stable bonds + relationships w/natives

• Fur trade
• Partnered w/natives

Who sailed up the Hudson River?

Henry Hudson (he thought it opened up to a water route, making the Dutch claim territory in America)

Holland

Growing as a leading trading nation (Dutch)