APUSH Unit 2 Flashcards

Sons of Liberty What

It was an organization of American colonists in the early years of the Revolution that used acts of civil disobedience and violence to protest British taxation without representation and to push for independence.

Enlightenment Impact

- The Enlightenment's ideas helped shape the values of liberty, equality, and democracy that are central to American identity.
- It also shaped the foundations of scientific inquiry, religious freedom, education, and cultural values.

Headright System Who

Sir Edwin Sandys of the Virginia Company

Headright System What

A legal practice in the Americas during European colonization that granted land to settlers in exchange for helping to populate the colonies.

Headright System Impact

The system led to the expansion of populations in the 13 colonies but also increased indentured servitude as well as a wealthy planter society and continued conflicts with Native Americans over land.

House of Burgesses Who

2 representatives from each of the colony's 11 districts

House of Burgesses What

It was the first representative government in America, although voting rights were restricted to white, male property owners.

House of Burgesses Impact

- It played a key role in the American Revolution, especially in resisting the Stamp Act.
- Many of its members also played significant roles in the American Revolution and became Founding Fathers.

Indentured Servitude Who

Poor immigrants from Europe seeking a new life in the New World

Indentured Servitude What

- It was a labor system in which individuals would work about 4-7 years in exchange for their transportation and basic needs.
- They were legally bound to their masters and had limited rights during their time of service.

Indentured Servitude Impact

- Indentured servants were vital to the colonial economy.
- However, as demand for labor grew, the cost of indentured servants rose as well.
- Therefore, landowners turned to African slaves as a more profitable source of labor, leading to a shift from indentured servants to racial slavery.

Puritans Who

They were different groups of Protestants in Europe

Puritans What

They wanted to purify the Church of England and fled to America because of religious persecution from the Church of England.

Puritans Impact

They shaped early American society and the strict nature of their theology may have helped them survive during hard times

Mayflower Compact Who

41 Pilgrim men

Mayflower Compact What

It was a document created to establish a framework for governance in their new settlement at Plymouth, MA, and it was the first direct democracy in the colonies

Mayflower Impact

- It set a precedent for future colonial governance and democratic principles in North America.
- It also influenced the development of American political institutions and democratic practices.

Pequot War Who

Pequot Indians and English colonists

Pequot War What

It was the first war between the English colonies and the Native Americans in the New World that took place in the Connecticut River Valley over the fur trade.

Pequot War Impact

- When the English won, they took control of the Connecticut River Valley and also expanded west, farther into Native American territory.
-Meanwhile, the war nearly exterminated the Pequot tribe and culture and the survivors became slaves to the tribes that allied with the English in the war

King Philip's War Who

Confederation of Native American tribes and the New England Confederation and their Indian allies

King Philip's War What

It was a war between the Native Americans and the English colonists due to a dispute over land and the poor treatment the Native Americans received from colonial authorities

King Philip's War Impact

- The war devastated many tribes and opened up their lands to English "legal" expansion and settlement.
- Both sides suffered heavy casualties from the fighting and disease.
- It also set the stage for the French and Indian Wars.

Bacon's Rebellion Who

Virginia colonists led by Nathaniel Bacon and government officials and upper class led by Governor William Berkeley

Bacon's Rebellion What

- It was an uprising led by Nathaniel Bacon caused by a political dispute over how to deal with Native Americans.
- It was the first rebellion in the colonies against English government officials

Bacon's Rebellion Impact

- The rebellion led to a dramatic shift in the labor force, as the House of Burgesses banned indentured servitude, leading to an increase of slavery.
- Jamestown became a major part of the slave trade and the number of African Americans in the colony increased

Enlightenment Who

John Locke, Baron Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume

Enlightenment What

It was an intellectual and philosophical movement that swept through Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries that had an impact on the development of American thought and society

Great Awakening Who

Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield

Great Awakening What

A period of religious renewal that saw a dramatic increase in church attendance and preaching, and religious and spiritual matters were brought to the forefront of American life

Great Awakening Impact

-Protestant Christianity became one of the most prominent religions in America but disagreement over ideas separated Christian groups into different denominations.
- However, because the Great Awakening impacted most of the colonists, it also unified them.
- Religion became a bigger part of everyday life and new ideas opened up ways for different religious movements in the future

French and Indian War Who

French with Native American allies and Britain

French and Indian War What

It was a war caused by a disagreement over territory, with both countries fighting for control of the Ohio River Valley and Canada.

French and Indian War Impact

- When the war ended with the Treaty of Paris, France gave all their land in the Americas to Britain, which made them the sole authority over the colonies.
- However, they were heavily in debt and taxed the colonists, which added tension between them, eventually leading to the Revolutionary War.

Proclamation of 1763 Who

King George III

Proclamation of 1763 What

The Proclamation declared the colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains in order for the British to avoid conflict with French settlers and Native American tribes after the French and Indian War

Proclamation of 1763 Impact

- The colonists felt betrayed by the proclamation because their efforts in the French and Indian War and ignored it.
- The British failed to contain settlers and keep peace with the Native Americans and tension increased between them and the colonies

Salutary Neglect Who

- Britain and the colonies
- Robert Walpole came up with the concept

Salutary Neglect What

It was Britain's loose supervision of the colonies that allowed the colonies to govern themselves by neglecting to enforce certain laws to allow the colonies to flourish and the British to focus on events in Europe

Salutary Neglect Impact

- Salutary neglect caused the colonies to feel independent.
- Therefore, when it ended after the French and Indian War, the colonies were angered by Britain taxing them in order to pay off their debts.
- This ultimately led to the American Revolution

Sugar Act Who

- British Parliament to American colonies
- King George III

Sugar Act What

- It was a British law for raising revenue from the colonies by taxing imported sugar, molasses, and other goods

Sugar Act Impact

It causes the colonies to be angered by the British, leading to the American Revolution

Stamp Act Who

- British Parliament to American colonies
- King George III

Stamp Act What

It was an act that levied taxes on the American colonies by requiring publishers and printers to buy stamps for all legal documents and printed materials

Stamp Act Impact

- To stand up against Parliament politically, socially, and economically, the colonies started communicating with each other in organized ways, such as the Stamp Act Congress and the Sons of Liberty.
- Most importantly, it angered the colonists and led to the Revolution.

Sons of Liberty Who

Samuel Adams, John Hancock, Patrick Henry and other revolutionaries

Sons of Liberty Impact

They successfully and effectively coordinated efforts to resist the policies of the British and many members became Founding Fathers.

Townshend Act Who

- Parliament to American colonies
- King George III
- Charles Townshend

Townshend Act What

- They were a series of laws that imposed new taxes on imported goods such as glass, paint, lead and tea.
- They were passed to raise Britain's revenue and to tighten Britain's control over the colonial governments.

Townshend Act Impact

They were met with great resistance from the colonies, which contributed to the build-up to the American Revolution.

"Letters from a Farmer in PA" Who

John Dickinson

"Letters from a Farmer in PA" What

They were letters written in protest to the passage of the Townshend Acts, stating that Parliament couldn't exercise its power to raise revenue for itself in the colonies.

"Letters from a Farmer in PA" Impact

- They led to calls and petitions for the boycotting of imported goods throughout the colonies.
- This unity among the colonists led to the First Continental Congress.

Committees of Correspondence Who

colonial legislatures and local governments

Committees of Correspondence What

It was a network of communication established throughout the colonies to share critical information and organize opposition to British policies.

Committees of Correspondence Impact

It was used to organize resistance to British rule leading up to the American Revolution, including the establishment of the First Continental Congress.

Boston Massacre Who

British soldiers and Boston townspeople

Boston Massacre What

- It was a deadly confrontation that led to 5 dead colonists and 6 others wounded.
- It was caused by tensions between the British troops and the colonists regarding the restrictions the British placed on the colonists

Boston Massacre Impact

It contributed to the growing tension between the American colonies and Britain and it was the first time Americans are known to have been killed by the British.

Tea Act Who

- British East India Colony
- Parliament to the American colonies
- Lord North and Frederick North

Tea Act What

The act granted the British East India Company a monopoly on the importation of tea into the colonies.

Tea Act Impact

- The colonies resented the act because it meant that the British could tax them without giving them representation in Parliament.
- This anger led to the Boston Tea Party and other boycotts

Boston Tea Party Who

Sons of Liberty

Boston Tea Party What

It was a political protest in response to the Tea Act in which a group of colonists disguised themselves as Native Americans and dumped a large shipment of tea into the Boston Harbor

Boston Tea Party Impact

- Parliament responded by passing the Intolerable Acts, which caused significant economic harm on Boston and MA.
- This led to the organization of the First Continental Congress

Coercive/Intolerable Acts Who

Parliament to the American colonies

Coercive/Intolerable Acts What

They were five laws passed by Parliament to punish Boston for the Boston Tea Party and replace the Proclamation of 1763.

Coercive/Intolerable Acts Impact

- Boston and MA suffered heavy economic harm
- The colonies came together in resistance against Britain and held the First Continental Congress.

First Continental Congress Who

delegates from each colony except Georgia

First Continental Congress What

It was a meeting of delegates from the colonies called in response to the Intolerable Acts.

First Continental Congress Impact

The Congress adopted a Declaration of Rights and Grievances, formed the Continental Association and prepared for the possibility of war.

Olive Branch Petition Who

John Dickinson

Olive Branch Petition What

It assured the king that the colonists wanted to remain loyal subjects, they were not seeking independence, and only wanted their grievances to be heard and addressed.

Olive Branch Petition Impact

Its rejection by King George III And Parliament strengthened the influence and position of men like John Adams and Samuel Adams who favored independence.

Second Continental Congress Who

delegates from all 13 colonies

Second Continental Congress What

Delegates from all 13 colonies gathered and drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed colonial war effort.

Second Continental Congress Impact

The Declaration of Independence written by the Second Continental Congress resulted in the formation of the United States of America.

Common Sense Who

Thomas Paine

Common Sense What

It was an influential pamphlet that cited Enlightenment ideas to call for the colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England.

Common Sense Impact

It caused Loyalists, seeking reconciliation with the British, to see the evils of Britain in the form of monarchial and aristocratic tyranny.

Lee's Resolution Who

Richard Henry Lee

Lee's Resolution What

It was a piece of literature that proposed 3 things: declaration of independence, call to form alliances, and confederated form of government

Lee's Resolution Impact

Congress adopted the 1st part, the declaration of independence, which led to the formation of the United States of America.

Battle of Bunker Hill Who

American soldiers and British soldiers

Battle of Bunker Hill What

It was the first major battle of the American Revolutionary War in which the British won

Battle of Bunker Hill Impact

The violent battle caused both leaders to realize that the war was going to carry on for some time, which made it the first turning point of the war.

Valley Forge Who

Baron von Steuben, George Washington, Continental Army

Valley Forge What

During this period, the Continental Army trained under Baron von Steuben despite harsh conditions and a lack of supplies at Valley Forge, PA.

Valley Forge Impact.

The fighting capacity of the Continental Army was improved and enhanced during this time.

The Wealth of Nations Who

Adam Smith

The Wealth of Nations What

In this book, Adam Smith describes his theory on free trade, which attacks mercantilism and argues that people's individual, natural self-interest would promote greater economic prosperity than government regulations (laissez-faire economics)

The Wealth of Nations Impact

It provided a foundational text in support of capitalism and the establishment of private entrepreneurship and shaped the economics and politics of the industrial age and the centuries to follow.

Battle of Yorktown Who

American and French forces under General G. Washington, British army under General Charles Cornwallis

Battle of Yorktown What

It was the last major battle of the Revolutionary War in which the American forces defeated the British and forced them to surrender and sign the Articles of Capitulation.

Battle of Yorktown Impact

- The American victory sealed its independence and led to all British forces evacuating their positions in its former colonies.

Stono Rebellion Who

large group of enslaved Africans in SC

Stono Rebellion What

It was the large uprising of slaves in SC in which they burned buildings and killed people as they tried to escape to freedom in FL

Stono Rebellion Impact

The uprising led to stricter slave laws that restricted slave activity and prohibited owners from teaching them to read or write

Triangular Trade Who

England, Africa, and the Americas