AMSCO Unit 3 Vocab

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AMSCO Unit 3 Vocab HGAP LIBERTY HIGH SCHOOL 2022-2023

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107 Terms

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Imperialism
a broader concept that includes a variety of ways of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance.
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Colonialism
type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country.
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Animism
the belief that non-living objects, such as rivers or mountains, possess spirits.
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Native Speakers
those who use the language learned from birth
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Lingua Franca
a common language used by people who do not share the same native language (Like English)
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Slang
Words used informally by a segment of the population.
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Pidgin Language
When speakers of two different languages have extensive contact with each other, often because of trade
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Creole Language
Over time, two or more separate languages can mix and develop a more formal structure and vocabulary so that they are no longer a pidgin language. They create a new combined language, known as
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Social Constructs
ideas, concepts, or perceptions that have been created and accepted by people in a society or social group and are not created by nature.
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Time-space Convergence
The greater interconnection between places that results from improvements in transportation
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Cultural Convergence
Cultures are becoming similar to each other and sharing more cultural traits, ideas, and beliefs.
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Cultural Divergence
is the idea that a culture may change over time as the elements of distance, time, physical separation, and modern technology create divisions and changes.
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Linguists
scientists who study languages,
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Language Tree
The relationship among these language families is often shown on a
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Indo-European Language Family
Nearly half of the world's population speaks one of the languages of the
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Romance Languages
Most of these later vanished, but Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, and Romanian, among others survived and grew.
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Isoglosses
The boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage
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Dialects
Variations in accent, grammar, usage, and spelling create
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Adages
sayings that attempt to express a truth about life, such as "the early bird gets the worm."
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Toponyms
The name of places
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Official Language
one designated by law to be the language of government,
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Homogenous
of the same kind
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Adherents
believers in their faith
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Ethnic Religions
Belief traditions that emphasize strong cultural characteristics among their followers
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Universal Religions
actively seeks converts to its faith regardless of their ethnic backgrounds. Universalizing religions are open to all people regardless of their ethnicity, language, social status or nationality.
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Hinduism
Classified as an ethnic religion; includes the worship of many deities, so most scholars consider it polytheistic, which means having many gods
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Polytheistic
means having many gods
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Monotheistic
means having one god.
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Karma
The idea that behaviors have consequences in the present life or a future
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Caste System
rigid class structure, that shaped Indian society.
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Buddhism
The practice of __________ differs widely from place to place and from ethnic group to ethnic group. However, most __________ emphasize meditating and living in harmony with nature.
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Four noble truths
the four central beliefs containing the essence of Buddhist teaching
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Eightfold path
A book that sought to eliminate desire and suffering
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Sikhism
relatively new universalizing monotheistic faith; founded by Guru Nanak in the Punjab region
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Gurdwara
A Sikh's place of worship
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Judaism
s among the first monotheistic faiths.
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Torah
expresses divine will. It is supplemented by other writings as well as unwritten laws and customs.
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Holocaust
murder of six million Jews by Nazi Germany,
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Christianity
Began when followers of a Jewish teacher, Jesus (c. 4 B.C.E. to c. 30 C.E.), evolved into their own religion based on the belief that Jesus was the son of God and the savior of humans.
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Islam
is the religion followed by Muslims. Muslims believe that Allah—the Arabic word for God—revealed his teachings to humans through a series of prophets. The last of these was Muhammad
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Five pillars
The core principles of the Quran
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Sunni
One of the major subdivisions of islam (the bigger one)
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Shia
One of the major subdivisions of islam (the smaller one)
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Pilgrimage
a religious journey taken by a person to a sacred place of his or her religion
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Acculturation
an ethnic or immigrant group moving to a new area adopts the values and practices of the larger group that has received them, while still maintaining valuable elements of their own culture.
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Assimilation
happens when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group
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Syncretism
Ihe fusion or blending of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid tra
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Multiculturalism
The coexistence of several cultures in one society with the ideal of all cultures being valued and worthy of study.
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Nativists
anti-immigrant, attitudes
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Culture
behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects make up this concept
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Visible culture
Artefacts, symbols, and practices, such as art and architecture, language, color, and dress, as well as social etiquette and traditions
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Invisible culture
Defined as the intangible parts of a culture. ex. belief systems, values, and unspoken rules.
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Cultural Traits
A series of interrelated traits make up a cultural complex
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Cultural Complex
A single cultural artifact, such as an automobile, may represent many different values, beliefs, behaviors and traditions and be representative
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Taboos
Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture.
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Traditional Culture
Used to encompass all three cultural designations. All three types share the function of passing down long-held beliefs, values, and practices and are generally resistant to rapid changes in their culture.
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Folk Culture
The beliefs and practices of small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change,
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Indigenous Culture
When members of an ethnic group reside in their ancestral lands, and typically possess unique cultural traits, such as speaking their own exclusive language
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Globalization
to the increased integration of the world economy since the 1970s
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Popular Culture
When cultural traits—such as clothing, music, movies, and types of businesses—spread quickly over a large area and are adopted by various groups, they become part of
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Horizontal diversity
meaning each traditional culture has its own customs and language that makes it distinct from other culture groups.
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Vertical diversity
meaning that modern urban societies are usually heterogeneous, or exh ibiting differences, within the society and usually contain numerous multiethnic neighborhoods.
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Artifacts/Material Culture
physical objects (tangible) that humans make. These objects inevitably reflect the historical, geographic, and social conditions of their origin. ex. Art, clothing, food, music, sports, and housing types
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Mentifact/Nonmaterial Culture
nonphysical objects (intangible) These objects inevitably reflect the historical, geographic, and social conditions of their origin. ex. Beliefs, values, practices, and aesthetics
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Sociofacts
which are the ways people organize their society and relate to one another.
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Placelessness
in which many modern cultural landscapes exhibit a great deal of homogeneity.
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Cultural Landscape
the visible reflection of a culture, or the built environment
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Traditional Architecture
reflects a local culture's history, beliefs, values, and community adaptations to the environment and typically utilizes locally available materials
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Contemporary Architecture
Utilizes more curves and rotational ability in order to create a more modern architectural look, they are used to exemplify a corporation's wealth, and are used to show a city's wealth.
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Ethnicity
membership in a group of people who share characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, history, and common experiences
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Ethnic Enclaves
clusters of people of the same culture, but surrounded by people of a culture that is dominant in the region
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Gendered Spaces
"places that are considered male or female, or even gender neutral, for example, woman-only coffee shops. EXAMPLE Restrooms, Retail Spaces and Stores, Gyms, Kitchens, Boardrooms, Workspaces, and Private Clubs"
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Cultural Regions
a portion of earth's surface occupied by a population sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics from other regions.
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Sacred Places
A place marked for holy or religious purposes.
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Christian Landscape
churches often feature a tall steeple topped by a cross. churches also demonstrate how the origin of the architectural style was often influenced but he environment, such as the climate and the available building materials. cultural influences similarly shape the preferred and available materials to build such structures. in most parts of the world, they bury the dead in cemeteries.
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Hindu Landscape
this landscape features temples that often have elaborately carved outsides, and are often near water sources such as the Ganges river, in order for pilgrimages to occur. Practice ritual burning of a body.
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Buddhist Landscape
practice differs widely from place to place, from ethnic group to ethnic group. however, mose emphasize meditating and living in harmony with nature. these features are represented in stupas, structures built to symbolize five aspects of nature--earth, water, fire, air, and space-- where people can meditate. among them, the decision to cremate or to bury the dead is a personal choice.
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Jewish Landscape
worship in synagogues or temples. temples vary in size based on the number of Jews in an area. burial of the dead customarily occurs before sundown on the day following the death.
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Diaspora
A dispersion of people from their homeland
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Islamic Landscape
in places where it's widely practiced, the mosque is the most prominent structure on the landscape and is usually located in the center of town. mosques have domes surrounded by a few minarets (beacond) from which daily prayer is called. burial of the dead is to be done as soon as possible, and burials are in cemetaries
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Shinto Landscape
Emphasizes honoring one's ancestors, and has a big door to symbolize the transition from the outside world to a sacred place.
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Charter Group
the dominant first arrivals establishing the cultural norms and standards against which other immigrant groups were measured
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Ethnic Islands (Rural)
Ethnic areas that are spaced apart from other cultural areas, and due to this factor, these ethnic islands usually maintain a strong and long lasting cohesion.
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Ethnic Neighborhoods (Urban)
A voluntary community within a city where people of common ethnicity reside by choice, Thus creating small ethnic enclaves such as China Town and etc.
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Sequent Occupancy
ethnic groups move in and out of neighborhoods and create new cultural imprints on the landscape
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Neolocalism
the process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place
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Cultural Patterns
related sets of cultural traits and complexes that create similar behaviors across space
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Culture Hearth
where a religion or ethnicity began, and then track its movement and predict its future direction. Religions, like other elements of culture, often diffuse outward from their hearths in various ways. Ille spread of religious settlements, both locally and globally, contributes to the sense of place and of belonging for each religious group and greatly shapes the cultural landscape.
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Regional distribution of religions in the US
Congretionalists remain in New England where their ancestors settled in the 1600s, Baptists and Methodists are common in the Southeast, where traveling preachers spread it in the 1800s, Lutherans live mostly in the Mid-West where their German and Scandinavian ancestors migrated for good farmland in the 1800s, Many Mormons live in or near Utah, after they were driven out of Missouri via religious persecution. Roman Catholics are the most common in urban areas in the northeast and throughout the southwest, Jews, muslims, and hindus, live mostly in urban areas, the traditional home of immigrants.
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Nationality
based on people's connection to a particular country—and ethnicity—based upon group cultural traits.
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Centripetal Forces
those that unify a group of people or a region. These forces may include a common language and religion, a shared heritage and history, ethnic unity and tolerance, a just and fair legal system, a charismatic leader, or any other unifying aspect of culture.
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Centrifugal Forces
those that divide a group of people or a region. These forces can pull apart societies, nations, and states, and are essentially centripetal forces in reverse.
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Sharia
the legal framework of a country derived from Islamic edicts taken from their holy book, the Qur'an.
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Blue Laws
Laws that restrict certain activities, such as the sale of alcohol, on Sunday. In Colorado and some other states, car dealerships must be closed on Sunday as well.
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Food taboos
prohibitions against eating and drinking certain items.
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Fundamentalism
an attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religious faith.
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Theocracies
countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws.
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Ethnocentric
the belief ones own cultural group is more important and superior to other cultures.
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Cultural Relativism
the concept that a person's or group's beliefs, values, norms, and practices should be understood from the perspective of the other group's culture.
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Cultural Appropriation
The action of adopting traits, icons, or other elements of another culture.