Bio Midterm

what is biology?

the study of living things and interaction of living things

interdependence

the concept that all living things depend on each other

characteristics of living things include:

the ability to reproduce, having an orderly structure, growing and developing, adjusting to changes in the environment

the steps of the scientific method

1. identify a problem

2. make a hypothesis

3. experiment

4. collect data

5. draw a conclusion

data

information collected from an experiment

hypothesis

a prediction to solving a scientific problem

quantitative data

measurements and other numbers collected during experiments

qualitative data

descriptions collected during experiments

in a controlled experiment, which is the variable that is being measured?

dependent variable

in a controlled experiment, what is the variable that is kept the same and is not tested?

control group

in a controlled experiment, which variable is being changed?

independent variable

what is used to measure length?

meters

what is used to measure temperature?

celsius

what is used to measure mass?

grams

what is used to measure volume?

liters

what is used to measure time?

seconds

a reaction type that can break apart a polymer into individual monomers and involves the addition of water molecules to break a bond

hydrolysis

polymers can be built from monomers by __________ reactions and involves the removal of a water molecule to break a bond

hydration synthesis

all polymers are held together by ________ bonds

covalent

lipids are formed from combinations of _____ (fatty/amino) acids and _______(glycogen/glycerol)

fatty acids, glycerol

two sugars joined together forms a _____

disaccharide

the two organic molecules used for energy are:

lipids and carbohydrates

enzymes are a type of ______(lipids/proteins) that _______(speed up/slow down) chemical reactions

proteins, speed up

starch is a _________(disaccharide/polysaccharide) made by _________(plants/animals)

polysaccharide, plants

enzymes bind _____(products/substrates) in their _____(active site/product site)

substrates, active site

the organic molecules that are responsible for our genetic information are _______(nucleic acids/proteins)

nucleic acids

what kind of molecule is used for making the exoskeletons of animals?

chitin

what is a chain of amino acids called?

polypeptide

what is a polysaccharide that makes up plant cells and provides structural support?

cellulose

what molecule is used for storing energy in animals?

glycogen

what are the characteristics of saturated fats?

unhealthy, solid, no double bonds

what are the characteristics of unsaturated fats?

liquid, healthy, has double bonds

what functions to provide structure and transports materials in and out of the cell?

proteins

all nucleotides consist of:

a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

what is the monomer of a lipid?

fatty acids/glycerol

what is the monomer of a protein?

amino acid

what is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

nucleotides

what is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

monosaccharide

what are two types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

do all organic biomolecules contain carbon?

yes

enzymes speed up chemical reactions by _____(raising/lowering) the activation energy

lowering

the activation energy of a chemical reaction is the amount of energy required to ________(start/stop) a chemical reaction

start

enzymes act as biological _______(catalysts/inhibitors)

catalysts

the part of the enzyme or catalyst used in a chemical reaction is the _____(product site/active site)

active site

the reactants in a reaction using an enzyme are _______(substrates/products)

substrates

enzymes are what type of biological molecule? (nucleic acid/protein)

protein

are enzymes used up in reactions?

no

do enzymes bind to the active site of a substrate?

no

do enzymes only operate at certain temperatures and pHs?

yes

what is denaturing?

when an enzyme loses its shape

what is an enzyme?

proteins that speed up reactions

what is a catalyst?

anything that speeds up a reaction

what is an active site?

a place on an enzyme which the substrate binds to

what is a product?

material that is produced in a reaction

a hypertonic solution has ____ water and _____ solute concentrations so water always wants to leave a cell when it is placed in these solutions (more, less)

a hypertonic solution has LESS water and MORE solute concentrations

a hypotonic solution has ____ water and _____ solute concentrations so water always wants to enter a cell when it is placed in these solutions (more, less)

a hypotonic solution has MORE water and LESS solute concentrations

active transport always moves materials from _____ to ____ concentrations

low to high

passive transport always moves materials from _____ to ____ concentrations

high to low

what changes shape in endocytosis?

cell membrane

what changes shape in transport using protein pumps?

proteins

what kind of solution do animal cells do best in?

isotonic

what kind of solution do plant cells do best in?

hypotonic

what molecules will diffuse the fastest?

small molecules

what keeps plant cells from exploding?

cell wall

#1

body tube

#2

nosepiece

#6

stage clips

#7

diaphragm

#8

light source

#9

eyepiece

#10

arm

#11

stage

#12

course focus

#13

fine focus

#14

base

the lens that is within the eyepiece of the light microscope is called the:

ocular lens

the wheel under the stage that adjusts the amount of light is called the:

diaphragm

to focus a specimen, it is best to start with the ____ objective

scanning objective

when using the high power objective, you should not adjust the:

coarse focus

who discovered that all animals are made up of cells?

Schwann

who developed cell theory?

Virchow

who created the 1st microscope and looked at water?

Van Leewenhoek

who saw cork under the microscope and coined the term “cells”?

Hooke

who discovered all plants are made up of cells?

Schleiden

what level of organization is the smallest unit of life that is capable of carrying out all the functions of living things?

cellular level

what level of organization is a group of cells that performs a specific function in an organism?

tissue level

what level of organization are several different types of tissue that function together for a specific purpose?

organ level

what level of organization are several organs working together?

organ system level

cell walls cannot be found in which cells?

animal

what is cell theory?

-all living things are made up of cells

-cells are the basic unit of organization (structure and function) in living things

-all cells come from pre-existing cells

the nucleus includes everything except :

cytoplasm

one difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes:

euk cells have membrane bound organelles and a nucleus while pro doesnt.

how can you tell a cell is not bacteria?

if it has organelles

what organelle involves lipid synthesis and detoxification?

smooth ER

what organelle is a rigid sugar containing structure outside the cell membrane providing external support and protection for the cell?

cell wall

what organelle is a lipid bilayer boundary outside of the cell for protection and controls entry/exit of substances and maintains homeostasis?

cell membrane

what organelle is a small structure within the nucleus that makes ribosomes?

nucleolus

what organelle is a network of fine protein tubes and threads that provide the cell with shape and internal structural support/movement?

cytoskeleton

what organelle makes proteins?

ribosomes

what organelle is a gel-like substance that fills intracellular space and contains/holds the organelles. (everything except the nucleus)

cytoplasm