Health midterm study guide (WITH DIAGRAMS)

Organelles are _________ __________ of the cell

metabolic machinery

Dorsal body cavity

houses the organs of the upper central nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord

Cranial cavity

houses the brain

spinal cavity

houses the spinal cord

ventral body cavity

in the anterior (front) aspect of the human body. It is made up of the thoracic cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity.

Thoracic cavity

houses heart and lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity

Houses digestive system and most urinary system organs

Body cavity definition

Empty space that something is going to fit

fill in the regions

regions filled in

Endocrine gland secretes products directly into the

bloodstream

Endocrine includes

• Female ovaries, male testes, thyroid, and adrenal glands

• Prolactin, FSH, TSH

The exocrine gland Secretes substances into a ______ system to an _______

ductal system to an epithelial surface

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from a concentration gradient

Facilitated diffusion

Transport substances across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Simple diffusion

A process that allows diffusion through a semipermeable membrane down their concentration gradient

Osmosis

Movement/Diffusion of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from high water potential to low water potential

Mitosis

• Division of the nucleus

• Results in formation of two daughter nuclei

Cytokenisis

• Division of the cytoplasm

• Begins when mitosis is near completion

• Results in the formation of two daughter cells

Prophase

First part of cell division, nuclear envelope breaks down and disappears

Metaphase

Chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell on the metaphase plate

Anaphase

• Chromosomes are pulled apart and toward the opposite ends of the cell

• Cell begins to elongate

Telophase

Spindles break down and disappear, chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin

Mitosis in order

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase,

Bone is also called

osseous tissue

Bone is composed of _____

bone cells in lacunae

Bone has large numbers of _______

collagen fibers

bone function

• Functions to protect and support the body

Hyaline cartilage

• Most common types of cartilage composed of abundant collagen fibers, rubbery matrix

Hyaline cartilage locations

Larynx, fetal skeleton prior to birth

hyaline cartilage functions

• Functions as a more flexible skeletal element than bone

Elastic cartilage

• Provides elasticity

Elastic cartilage location

• Location: Supports the external ear

Fibrocartilage is

• Highly compressible

Fibrocartilage location

• Location: Forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae

Outer ear

• Auricle/Pinna

Dense connective tissue has

Main matrix element is collagen fiber

Locations of dense connecrtive tissue

Tendons, Ligaments, Dermis

Dense connective tissue in tendons

• Tendons: Attach skeletal muscle to bone

Dense connective tissue in ligaments

• Ligaments: Attach bone to bone at joints

Dense connective tissue in dermis

• Dermis: Lower layer of the skin

ADipose tissue

• areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate

• Many cells contain large lipid deposits

adipose tissue functions

Insulates the body, Protects some organs, Serves as a site of fuel storage

Vascular tissue

Blood

• Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called

blood plasma

blood Functions at the transport vehicle for

materials

Synovial membrane

• Connective tissue only

• Secretes a lubricating fluid

• Fluid alleviates pain

Nerve cells

Composed of neurons and nerve support cells

nerve cells function

• Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body 

what protects and supports nerve cells

neuroglia aka gilal cells insulate, protect, and support neurons

Skins functions

to protect the body, Aids in body heat loss or heat retention as controlled by the nervous system 

Avascular

no blood supply

two dermis layers

Papillary and reticular

Reticular layer

• Blood vessels

• Sweat and gland oil

• Deep pressure receptors

• General term for sweat gland (sudoriferous gland)

Papillary layer

• Projections called dermal papillae

• Some certain capillary loops

• Other house pain receptors and touch receptors

subcutaneous/hyperdermis

• Anchors the skin, to underlying organs

• Composed of mostly adipose tissue

stratum Basale

• Deepest layer of epidermis

• Lies next to dermis

stratum lucidum

• Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata

• Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of the hand and soles of feet

• 5th layer

epidermis layers

stratum Basale and sebaceous gland

5 epidermis layers in order

stratum Basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

melanin

• Yellow, Brown, or black pigments

Carotene

Orange, yellow pigment from some vegetables

Hemoglobin

• Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries

• Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

Redness

• Erythema

• Due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy

Pallor

• Blanching

• Due to emotional stress such as fear, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area

Jaundice

• Yellowing

• Liver disorder

bruises

Hematomas

skin appendages

• Hair

• Hair follicles

• Nails

Two types of suderficious glands

Apocrine and Eccrine

Apocrine

• Ducts empty into hair follicles

• Begin to function at puberty

• Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky/yellowish color)

Eccrine

• Open via duct to pore on skin surface

• Produce sweat (clear)

Oil

• Produce oil (sebum)

• Lubricant for skin

• Prevents brittle hair

• Kills bacteria

Muscle tissue function

• Function is to produce movement

Muscle tissue types (3 types)

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

Skeletal muscle

under voluntary control

Cardiac muscle

under involuntary control

smooth muscle

under involuntary control

Saggital section

• Divides the body into right/left parts

Median/Midsaggital

• Divides the body into EQUAL left and right parts

Frontal/Coronal

• Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse/Cross section

• Divides the body into superior and inferior parts of the body

Plasma membrane

• Barrier for cell components (bilayer)

• Double phospholipid layer

membrane transport

• Movement of substances into and out of the cell

Two basic modes of transport

Passive and Active

Passive transport

• Passive processes: No energy is required

Active transport

• Active Processes: Cell must provide metabolic energy (ATP)

Serous Membranes

Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body

Specific Serous Membranes

Peritoneum, PLeura, Pericardium

Peritoneum

• Peritoneum: Abdominal cavity

PLeura

Pleura: Around the lungs

Pericardium

• Pericardium: Around the heart

body membranes

• Cover body surfaces

• Lines body cavities

• Form protective sheets around organs

Epithelial membranes

• Cutaneous membranes

• Mucous Membranes

• Serous Membranes

Mucous Membranes

Digestive, Reproductive, Respiratory)

• Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface

• Often adapted for absorption or secretion

Connective tissue membranes

• Synovial Membranes

Pleural Membrane

• Pericardium

• Peritoneum

• Visceral covers hearts surface and is separated from parietal cardium by a small volume of fluid

How many bones in the adult body

206

Appendicular skeleton bones

126

axial skeleton bones

80

Another name for sternum

breastbone

another name for clavicle

collarbone