History - Spring 2023 - Midterm

George Washington's Balls

Congressional Military Reconstruction Act - 1867

* South divided into 5 military districts
* Majority of Southerners had to swear allegiance to US, then would get civilian government back
* Pass the 14th Amendment

Hiram Revels

First African American man to serve in congress. Filled a vacant seat in 1870

Black Codes

Restricted African Americans ability to own property, conduct business, buy and lease land, and move freely through public spaces

Scalawag

White southerner who collaborated (aided) with northern Republicans during Reconstruction for profit

Carpetbagger

A person during Reconstruction who moved from a northern to southern state in order to gain profit

Compromise of 1877

An informal, unwritten deal that disputed the 1876 election. Republican Rutherford B. Hayes would become president if he would remove the federal troops from SC, FL, and LA

Battle of Little Bighorn AKA Custer’s Last Stand

Decisive Native American victory and worst US Army Defeat in the Long Plains Indian War. The Sioux and Cheyenne had won the Battle of the Little Bighorn, killing Custer and every one of his men

Massacre of Wounded Knee

The slaughter of approximately 150–300 Lakota Indians by United States Army troops in the area of Wounded Knee Creek in southwestern South Dakota. The massacre was the climax of the U.S. Army's late 19th-century efforts to repress the Plains Indians

Chief Joseph

A leader of the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce Tribe, who became famous in 1877 for leading his people on an epic flight across the Rocky Mountains

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United States"

15th Amendment

Granted African American men the right to vote

16th Amendment

Gives the Federal Government the power to levy an income tax on all income earners in the United States

17th Amendment

Allows voters to cast direct votes for US Senators

18th Amendment

Prohibition - Alcohol becomes illegal

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote

Civil Service Act - 1883

Guaranteed the rights of all citizens to compete for federal jobs without preferential treatment given based on politics, race, religion or origin

Carlisle School

Point was to remove indigenous children from the families and communities to assimilate them and stop the passing-on of indigenous culture

Dawes Severalty Act - 1887

Authorized the President to break up reservation land, which was held in common by the members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals

Gilded Age

A period of economic growth as the United States jumped to the lead in industrialization ahead of Britain

Political Machines

A party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives—money, political jobs—and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity.

Boss Tweed

He was convicted for stealing an amount estimated by an aldermen's committee in 1877 at between $25 million and $45 million from New York City taxpayers from political corruption, but later estimates ranged as high as $200 million. (Political Machine)

Haymarket Square Riot

A bomb detonates in Chicago after police arrive to break up a rally in support of striking workers.

Homestead Act

Enacted during the Civil War in 1862, provided that any adult citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms against the U.S. government could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land

Pullman Strike

The most famous and far reaching labor conflict in a period of severe economic depression and social unrest - With the government working to the General Managers' Association's ends, Debs felt the only way to force the this company into arbitration was reaching out to other labor groups to join in a general strike, but his efforts did not succeed. The boycott dissolved in mid-July, and the ARU was defeated

Chinese Exclusionary Act

The first significant law restricting immigration into the United States - Only affected the Chinese

Plessy v. Ferguson

This person was arrested and brought to court for arraignment before Judge John H. ___ of the U.S. District Court in Louisiana. He then attempted to halt the trial by suing Ferguson because the segregation law was unconstitutional. His lawyers argued that the Separate Car Act violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. The judge found that Louisiana could enforce this law insofar as it affected railroads within its boundaries. He was convicted

Populist

A person, especially a politician, who strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups

Laissez-Faire

Abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market

Progressives

They were interested in establishing a more transparent and accountable government which would work to improve U.S. society. These reformers favored such policies as civil service reform, food safety laws, and increased political rights for women and U.S. workers.

Muckrakers

Any of a group of American writers identified with pre-World War I reform and exposé writing. The muckrakers provided detailed, accurate journalistic accounts of the political and economic corruption and social hardships caused by the power of big business in a rapidly industrializing United States

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

The Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory in New York City burned, killing 146 workers, on March 25, 1911. The tragedy led to the development of a series of laws and regulations that better protected the safety of factory workers

Sherman & Clayton Antitrust acts

This act is a law the U.S. Congress passed to prohibit trusts, monopolies, and cartels. Its purpose was to promote economic fairness and competitiveness and to regulate interstate commerce

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This act addresses specific practices that the other act does not clearly prohibit, such as mergers and interlocking directorates

Ida B. Wells

African-American journalist and activist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s

Janette Rankin

1917 - Representative of Montana became the first woman to serve in Congress

Alice Paul

One of the most prominent activists of the 20th-century women's rights movement

W.E.B Dubois

Well known as one of the foremost Black intellectuals of his era. Became director of publicity and research for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He attacked Washington's acceptance of racial segregation

Booker T. Washington

He chose to concentrate on what blacks could accomplish by focusing on learning industrial skills; he believed this would help his race secure economic self-reliance.

Yellow Journalism

This was a style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts

Captain Alfred T. Mahan

In 1890, a lecturer in naval history and the president of the United States Naval War College, published The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783, a revolutionary analysis of the importance of naval power as a factor in the rise of the British Empire

Open Door Policy

A major statement of United States foreign policy issued in 1899 and 1900 intended to protect the rights of all countries to trade equally with China and confirming multi-national acknowledgment of China's administrative and territorial sovereignty

Map of US Imperialism

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Spanish American War

An 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in the U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America - Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines - Later Cuba (Spain surrendered)

Big Stick Policy

The corollary stated that not only were the nations of the Western Hemisphere not open to colonization by European powers, but that the United States had the responsibility to preserve order and protect life and property in those countries - Roosevelt “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.”

Dollar Diplomacy

The use of a country's financial power to extend its international influence

Moral Diplomacy

The system in which support is given only to countries whose beliefs are analogous to that of the nation

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A major idea behind this was to force countries to pursue democracies. If a country was willing to align with the values seen as moral by the American government, then they were supported. If not, they were harmed economically by the U.S.'s lack of support

Panama Canal

This joined the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, changing international trade forever.

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* Colombia buy for $10 million, yearly lease of $250,000
* Legislature turned it down
* US backed a “revolt” by Panama
* Hay/Bunau-Varilla Treaty
* US right to build canal

Events affecting US Neutrality

* German resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare

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* Zimmerman Telegram - Germany asks Mexico to invade US, Mexico would get southwest US back, distract US from WWI

US Agencies created during WWI

* War Industries Board (WIB)
* Fuel Administration
* Food Administration

Espionage Act - 1917

This act prohibited obtaining information, recording pictures, or copying descriptions of any information relating to the national defense with intent or reason to believe that the information may be used for the injury of the United States or to the advantage of any foreign nation

Sedition Act - 1918

Made it a crime for American citizens to "print, utter, or publish... any false, scandalous, and malicious writing" about the government

Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points

1. Open diplomacy without secret treaties
2. Economic free trade on the seas during war and peace
3. Equal trade conditions
4. Decrease armaments among all nations
5. Adjust colonial claims
6. Evacuation of all Central Powers from Russia and allow it to define its own independence
7. Belgium to be evacuated and restored
8. Return of Alsace-Lorraine region and all French territories
9. Readjust Italian borders
10. Austria-Hungary to be provided an opportunity for self-determination
11. Redraw the borders of the Balkan region creating Roumania, Serbia and Montenegro
12. Creation of a Turkish state with guaranteed free trade in the Dardanelles
13. Creation of an independent Polish state
14. Creation of the League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles

This forced Germany to surrender colonies in Africa, Asia and the Pacific; cede territory to other nations like France and Poland; reduce the size of its military; pay war reparations to the Allied countries; and accept guilt for the war

Great Migration

One of the largest movements of people in United States history. Approximately six million Black people moved from the American South to Northern, Midwestern, and Western states roughly from the 1910s until the 1970s

Problems in the US following WWI

Economic problems, labor unrest, racial tensions, and the intensity of the antiradicalism they helped create—all combined in the years immediately following the war to produce a general sense of disillusionment