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Cellular respiration creates
ATP
Cellular respiration creates ATP from
organic molecules, particularly glucose
Due to cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized to
CO2
In cellular respiration, O2 is reduced to
H20
When glucose is oxidized
energy is released
equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
assist the process of cellular respiration
NAD+ and FAD
cellular respiration consists of a series of
reactions
cellular respiration consists of a series of reactions that capture the energy of oxidation and use it to produce
ATP molecules
cellular respiration consists of a series of reactions that capture the energy of ___ and use it to produce ATP molecules
oxidation
Glycolysis
breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate
During glycolysis, glucose is oxidized by the removal of
hydrogen ions and electrons
hydrogen ions
H+
electrons
e-
During Glycolysis: When NAD+ accepts electrons, ___ results
NADH
During Glycolysis: When NAD+ accepts ___, NADH results
electrons
During Glycolysis: Breakdown releases enough energy to immediately give a net gain of
2 ATP
During Glycolysis: Breakdown releases enough energy to immediately give a net gain of 2 ATP by
substrate-level synthesis
Following glycolysis, if oxygen is available,
pyruvate from glycolysis enters the mitochondria
Following glycolysis, if ___ is available, pyruvate from glycolysis enters the mitochondria
oxygen
If oxygen is absent,
pyruvate enters the fermentation pathways
Fermentation involves
glycolysis
Fermentation involves glycolysis, followed by the reduction of pyruvate by
NADH
Fermentation involves glycolysis, followed by the reduction of ___ by NADH
pyruvate
Fermentation involves glycolysis, followed by the reduction of pyruvate by NADH,
either to lactate or to alcohol and CO2
During Fermentation: the reduction of pyruvate regenerates
NAD+
During Fermentation: the reduction of pyruvate regenerates NAD+,
which can accept more hydrogen atoms during glycolysis
Although fermentation results in only 2 ATP, it still provides a ___ for short-term, strenuous muscular activity
quick burst of energy
Although fermentation results in only 2 ATP, it still provides a quick burst of energy for
short-term, strenuous muscular activity
In the presence of ____, the aerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur
oxygen
In the presence of oxygen, the ___ of cellular respiration occur
aerobic reactions
In the presence of oxygen, the aerobic reactions of ___ occur
cellular respiration
The accumulation of lactate puts an individual in
oxygen deficit
The accumulation of ___ puts an individual in oxygen deficit
lactate
The accumulation of lactate puts an individual in oxygen deficit, which is
the amount of oxygen needed when lactate is metabolized to CO2 and H20
The accumulation of lactate puts an individual in oxygen deficit, which is the amount of oxygen needed when lactate is metabolized to
CO2 and H2O
During the preparatory reaction in the matrix,
pyruvate is oxidized
During the preparatory reaction in the matrix, pyruvate is oxidized,
releasing CO2
Preparatory Reaction: NAD+ accepts
hydrogen ions and electrons
Preparatory Reaction: NAD+ accepts hydrogen ions and electrons,
forming NADH
Preparatory Reaction: an acetyl group,
the end product
Preparatory Reaction: an acetyl group, the end product, combines with
CoA
Preparatory Reaction: an acetyl group, the end product, combines with CoA,
forming acetyl-CoA
Preparatory Reaction: this reaction takes place ___ for each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis
twice
Preparatory Reaction: this reaction takes place twice for each molecule of ___ that enters glycolysis
glucose
Preparatory Reaction: this reaction takes place twice for each molecule of glucose that enters
glycolysis
Acetyl groups enter the
citric acid cycle
citric acid cycle
a series of reactions occurring in the mitochondrial matrix
citric acid cycle: a series of reactions occurring in the
mitochondrial matrix
Citric Acid Cycle: for each ___, oxidation produces two CO2, three NADH, and one FADH2 and one ATP
acetyl-CoA,
Citric Acid Cycle: for each acetyl-CoA, ___ produces two CO2, three NADH, and one FADH2 and one ATP
oxidation
Citric Acid Cycle: for each acetyl-CoA, oxidation produces ___, three NADH, and one FADH2 and one ATP
two CO2
Citric Acid Cycle: for each acetyl-CoA, oxidation produces two CO2, ___, and one FADH2 and one ATP
three NADH
Citric Acid Cycle: for each acetyl-CoA, oxidation produces two CO2, three NADH, and ___ and one ATP
one FADH2
Citric Acid Cycle: for each acetyl-CoA, oxidation produces two CO2, three NADH, and one FADH2 and
one ATP
Citric Acid Cycle: the yield per ___ is four CO2, six NADH, and two FADH and one ATP
glucose
Citric Acid Cycle: the yield per glucose is ___, six NADH, and two FADH and one ATP
four CO2
Citric Acid Cycle: the yield per glucose is four CO2, ___, and two FADH and one ATP
six NADH
Citric Acid Cycle: the yield per glucose is four CO2, six NADH, and ___ and one ATP
two FADH
Citric Acid Cycle: the yield per glucose is four CO2, six NADH, and two FADH and
one ATP
The final stage of ___ involves the electron transport chain located in the cristae of the mitochondria
cellular respiration
The final stage of cellular respiration involves the ___ located in the cristae of the mitochondria
electron transport chain
The final stage of cellular respiration involves the electron transport chain located in the ___
cristae of the mitochondria
The electron chain is a
series of electron carriers that accept high-energy electrons (e-)
The electron chain is a series of electron carriers that accept high-energy electrons (e-) from ___ and pass electrons along until they are finally low-energy electrons received by oxygen, which combines with H+ to produce water
NADH and FADH2
The electron chain is a series of electron carriers that accept high-energy electrons (e-) from NADH and FADH2 and pass ___ along until they are finally low-energy electrons received by oxygen, which combines with H+ to produce water
electrons
The electron chain is a series of electron carriers that accept high-energy electrons (e-) from NADH and FADH2 and pass electrons along until they are finally___ received by oxygen, which combines with H+ to produce water
low-energy electrons
The electron chain is a series of electron carriers that accept high-energy electrons (e-) from NADH and FADH2 and pass electrons along until they are finally low-energy electrons received by ___, which combines with H+ to produce water
oxygen
The electron chain is a series of electron carriers that accept high-energy electrons (e-) from NADH and FADH2 and pass electrons along until they are finally low-energy electrons received by oxygen, which combines with ___ to produce water
H+
The electron chain is a series of electron carriers that accept high-energy electrons (e-) from NADH and FADH2 and pass electrons along until they are finally low-energy electrons received by oxygen, which combines with H+ to produce
water
The carriers of the electron transport chain are located in ___ on the cristae of the mitochondria
molecular complexes
The carriers of the electron transport chain are located in molecular complexes on the
cristae of the mitochondria
The carriers of the electron transport chain capture ___ from the passage of electrons and use it to pump H+ into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion
energy
The carriers of the electron transport chain capture energy from the passage of electrons and use it to pump ___ into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion
H+
The carriers of the electron transport chain capture energy from the passage of electrons and use it to pump H+ into the ___
intermembrane space of the mitochondrion
When ___ flows down its gradient into the matrix through ATP synthase complexes, energy is released and used to form ATP molecules from ADP and (P)
H+
When H+ flows down its ___ into the matrix through ATP synthase complexes, energy is released and used to form ATP molecules from ADP and (P)
gradient
When H+ flows down its gradient into the matrix through ___, energy is released and used to form ATP molecules from ADP and (P)
ATP synthase complexes
When H+ flows down its gradient into the matrix through ATP synthase complexes, ___ is released and used to form ATP molecules from ADP and (P)
energy
When H+ flows down its gradient into the matrix through ATP synthase complexes, energy is released and used to form ___ from ADP and (P)
ATP molecules
When H+ flows down its gradient into the matrix through ATP synthase complexes, energy is released and used to form ATP molecules from
ADP and (P)
Energy Yield from Glucose Metabolism: Of the maximum ___ formed by complete glucose breakdown, 4 are the result of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase
38 ATP
Energy Yield from Glucose Metabolism: Of the maximum 38 ATP formed by complete ___, 4 are the result of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase
glucose breakdown
Energy Yield from Glucose Metabolism: Of the maximum 38 ATP formed by complete glucose breakdown, 4 are the result of the
electron transport chain and ATP synthase
Most cells produce fewer than ____ per glucose molecule
36 ATP
Most cells produce fewer than 36 ATP per
glucose molecule
Besides carbohydrates, ___ can undergo cellular respiration by entering glycolysis and/or the critic acid cycle
glycerol and fatty acids from fats and amino acids from proteins
Besides carbohydrates, glycerol and fatty acids from fats and amino acids from proteins can undergo ___ by entering glycolysis and/or the critic acid cycle
cellular respiration
Besides carbohydrates, glycerol and fatty acids from fats and amino acids from proteins can undergo cellular respiration by entering ___
glycolysis and/or the critic acid cycle
Alternative Metabolic Pathways: These metabolic pathways also provide ___ for the synthesis of fats and proteins
substrates
Alternative Metabolic Pathways: These metabolic pathways also provide substrates for the synthesis of
fats and proteins
Where do proteins enter cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA (preparatory step), or the Krebs Cycle
Where do carbohydrates enter the citric acid cycle?
Glycolysis
Where does glycerol enter the citric acid cycle?
Glycolysis
Where do fatty acids enter the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl-CoA (preparatory step)
Which wavelength is around 380 nm?
Gamma rays
Which wavelength is around 750 nm?
Radio waves
What do shorter wavelengths mean?
more energy
Which wavelength is around 500 nm?
UV rays
Which wavelength is around 600 nm?
infared
Note 
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