Evolution test

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120 Terms

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violent, very hot

early Earth’s atmosphere

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H, CO, N

what gases made up early Earth’s atmosphere?

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rain got zapped by lightning, forming organic compounds

how did life form?

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they passed water vapor and an electric current through a closed system with a mixture of gases, which produced 21 different amino acids

What happened in the Miller-Urey experiments?

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protocells

membrane-like vesicles assembled from fatty acids

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RNA; self-replicating

first genetic material and why

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anaerobic

the first prokaryotes were __________

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cyanobacteria

photosynthetic bacteria

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photosynthetic bacteria increased the amount of O2 in the atmosphere, which allowed aerobic prokaryotes to evolve

how did aerobic prokaryotes evolve?

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1.5 BYA

when did eukaryotes evolve?

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endosymbiosis

a relationship in which one organism lives inside the body of another, and both benefit

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aerobic, single-celled

first eukaryotes were __________ (aerobic/anaerobic) and ____________ (single-celled/multicellular)

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mitochondria and chloroplasts

2 organelles that support the endosymbiotic theory

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energy; a stable environment

what did the smaller prokaryote provide for the larger one in endosymbiosis, and vice versa?

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  • own DNA/ribosomes

  • self-copying

  • same size as prokaryotes

  • similarly structured DNA to prokaryotes

Evidence of mitochondria and chloroplasts supporting the endosymbiotic theory

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genetic variation

major advantage of sexual reproduction

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increased rate of evolution because of genetic variation

What did sexual reproduction do for the rate of evolution and why?

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Paleozolic Era

Age of fishes

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Mesozoic Era

age of reptiles

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Cenozoic Era

age of mammals

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evolution

the process of biological change by which descendants came to differ from their ancestors

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Carolus Linnaeus

Who was the “father of taxonomy” who proposed a new classification system for organisms based on structural similarities?

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Georges Louis Leclerc Buffon

Who proposed that species share ancestors instead of arising separately?

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Erasmus Darwin (Darwin’s grandpa)

Who proposed that all living things descended from one common ancestor?

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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Who suggested that individual living things evolve to suit their environment and that those acquired traits are passed on to offspring? (Ex. if I work out a lot my child will be buff from birth)

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catastrophism (Georges Cuvier)

theory that organisms go extinct after disasters such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes (and the scientist that proposed it)

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gradualism (James Hutton)

theory that changes on Earth occurred as a series of small steps (ex. canyons carved by rivers), (and the scientist that proposed it)

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uniformitarianism (Charles Lyell)

theory that processes that shape Earth are uniform through time (and the scientist that proposed it)

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he knew why it happened the way it did

Why did Darwin’s ideas about evolution persist when others’ didn’t?

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HMS Beagle

Darwin’s ship

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adaptation

a physical characteristic that makes an animal more suited for survival

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type of food they ate

Galapagos finches diversified based on….

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macroevolution

type of evolution that involves extinction and speciation

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microevolution

type of evolution that involves adaptation (measured by the change in allele frequency)

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species

2 similar organisms who can produce fertile offspring

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artificial selection

humans determine which traits are favorable and breed individuals with those traits

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heritability

the ability of a trait to be passed on from 1 generation to another

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natural selection

organisms with better adaptations can survive better and reproduce (survival of the fittest)

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descent with modification

favorable traits are passed on (principle of natural selection)

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phenotype

is selection based on phenotype or genotype?

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variation

traits vary within a population (principle of natural selection)

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overproduction

more offspring are produced than will survive (principle of natural selection)

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adaptation principle

some traits are better than others and increase fitness (principle of natural selection)

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fossils, geography, embryology, DNA sequences, comparative anatomy

main evidences of evolution

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homologous structures

structures with similar structure and different functions

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a common ancestor

homologous structures indicate…

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analogous structures

structures with similar function but separate structure/origin

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similar environmental pressures

Analogous structures indicate…

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vestigial structures

remnants of structures that had a function in a common ancestor but no longer serve a purpose

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changing

Genetic variation helps a species survive a(n) ___________ environment.

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populations

who evolves, individuals or populations?

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mutations, sexual reproduction, gene flow

sources of genetic variation

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gene pool

the combined alleles of all of the individuals in a population

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allele frequency

how common an allele is in a population

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to determine whether a population is evolving

What are allele frequencies used for?

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the number of a particular allele / the total number of alleles

how to calculate allele frequency

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normal distribution curve

all organisms have an equal chance of survival (NO natural selection); phenotypes in the middle are more common

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directional selection

favors individuals on one end of the phenotypic range (ex. super dark mice over super light or medium mice)

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stabilizing selection

favors intermediate variants and acts against extreme phenotypes (ex. bird clutch size)

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disruptive selection

favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range (ex. black-bellied seed crackers)

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natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, non-random mating

4 mechanisms of evolution

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gene flow

the movement of alleles from one population to another

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gene flow

a bull moose leaves his herd to mate with a cow of another herd — this is an example of which mechanism of evolution?

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increases; decreases

Gene flow _________ genetic variation in the population the organism(s) join(s) and ___________ genetic variation in the population the organism(s) leave(s).

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genetic drift

the changes in allele frequencies due to chance

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low

Genetic drift results in _______ genetic diversity

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small

Is genetic drift more obvious in small or large populations?

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bottleneck effect

genetic drift mechanism in which the original population is greatly reduced in size very quickly

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founder effect

a few individuals leave and colonize a new area

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bottleneck effect, founder effect

2 common processes that cause populations to become small enough for genetic drift to occur

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Florida panthers are now genetically similar enough to be siblings because poaching has decreased their numbers

example of the bottleneck effect (override if you provided a different example but it was still correct)

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finches on Galapagos Islands developed different traits based on the founders that colonized their islands

example of the founder effect (override if you provided a different example but it was still correct)

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allele frequencies

__________ in the small founder population can be different from those in the larger parent population

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it is less likely to survive in a changing environment

What happens to a species’ chance of survival when genetic drift causes genetic variation to decrease?

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sexual selection (non-random mating)

natural selection for mating success

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sexual dimorphism

marked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics

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intrasexual selection

competition among males for females

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intersexual selection

occurs when males display certain traits that attract the female

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speciation

the rise of 2 species from one existing species

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genetic flow

Speciation is caused by a decrease in _________ between 2 isolated populations.

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reproductive isolation

when members of 2 populations can no longer mate successfully

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behavioral isolation

when species are reproductively isolated due to differences in behavior

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bird songs being different from species to species

example of behavioral isolation (override if you provided a different example but it was still correct)

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geographic isolation

physical barriers divide a population into 2 groups

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Galapagos finches’ speciation because they were all on different islands

example of geographic isolation (override if you provided a different example but it was still correct)

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temporal isolation

timing prevents mating between 2 species (different mating seasons)

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convergent evolution

different species adapt to a similar environment

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analogous

Convergent evolution results in _________ traits/structure

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homologous

Divergent evolution results in ____________ traits/structures

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divergent evolution

closely related species evolve in different directions

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coevolution

process in which 2+ species evolve in response to changes in each other

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predator-prey, parasite-host

2 types of relationships that usually involve coevolution

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punctuated equilibrium

theory stating that episodes of speciation occur suddenly and are followed by long periods of evolutionary change

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radiation of mammals after the extinction of dinosaurs

example of punctuated equilibrium (override if you provided a different example but it was still correct)

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primates

mammalian order including lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans

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large brain; good depth perception; complex social behavior; flexible hands, feet, and shoulders

characteristics of primates

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fully opposable thumbs

characteristic of primates unique to monkeys, apes, and humans

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prosimians, tarsiers, anthropoids

3 main groups of living primates

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prosimians

the oldest living primate subgroup which includes lemurs, lorises, and bush babies

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tarsiers

the only organisms in the family Tarsiidae