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Bloody Sunday
the massacre of peaceful demonstrators by tsarist soldiers in St. Petersburg in January 1905; troops killed about 1300 workers.
Revolution of 1905
the first major challenge to the absolute rule of the Russian tsar, Nicholas II. Workers strike; tsar tries to appease; thousands killed, injured, exiled
Crimean War (1853-56)
primarily caused by the French and Russian disputes over the Holy Lands. France asserted that Catholics had control and authority over the holy places. On the other hand, the Russians explained that these areas were under orthodox control, causing tensions between them.
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
a clash of imperial ambitions in East Asia, where Japan challenged Russia's expansion into Manchuria and Korea.
Russian Revolution of 1917
Bolsheviks led by Lenin, a communist (believer in Karl Marx), seized power and established “collective ownership” (ownership by the state). Establishes USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) → Abolishes private trade, distributes crops to feed urban workers, and took over industry → Sets up global battle between communist autocracy and capitalist liberal democracy (Cold War)
Russian Revolution, also called Russian Revolution of 1917, two revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power.
Lenin
the most influential leader and the first head of the Soviet government in the early twentieth century. His Marxist belief led him to create revolutionary steps to transform the foreign policy and economy or Russia, he faced many challenges and made substantial foreign reforms.
Bolsheviks
a far-left, revolutionary Marxist faction founded by Vladimir Lenin
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
a drastic peace deal that ended Russia's role in World War I in 1918.
Lenin set up a ________.
“Dictatorship of the Proletariat”
Proletariat
the working class that does not own the means of production
Bourgeoise
the middle class that owns the means of production
When was the Qing Dynasty overthrown? And why?
1911; ethnic differences; the Qing was run by Manchu, but most of its subjects were Han; famine; low taxes; behind in Industrialization
What was the Qing replaced by?
The Qing was replaced by a Chinese Republic in a revolution ( Xinhai/Hsinhai Revolution) led by Sun Yat-sen who was the provisional president of the new Republic.
Sun Yat-sen
The provisional president of the new Chinese Republic who was:
Christian
Confucian
Nationalist (wanted to expel foreign capitalist)
In favor of a government ran by experts
Ruled for 20 years before losing in war to the Communist
the leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) and is known as the father of modern China
What type of ethnic tensions did the Ottoman experience?
Balkan nationalism challenged the empire
Young Turk
introduced programs that promoted the modernization of the Ottoman Empire and a new spirit of Turkish nationalism.
Wanted to be more European but with Turkish elements (Turkification)
scapegoats = Armenians
Why did the Ottomans ally with Germany in WWI?
Because they were resentful towards the one-sided economic influence of Britain and France
Ottoman empire collapsed in ____.
1922
Ataturk
leader of successful Turkish independence movement that established the Republic of Turkey in 1923 - big Westernizer and de-Islamification of government and public life (rights for women; dictator)
initiated a rigorous program of political, economic, and cultural reforms with the ultimate aim of building a modern, progressive and secular nation-state
Porfirio Diaz
His regime was too cozy with the US and the top one percent owned almost all the land -- too unequal
Mexican Revolution of 1911
Francisco Madero and Emiliano Zapata were leaders and Francisco “Pancho” Villa was a military leader; large scale political violence until 1920
1917: the end of the 30-year dictatorship in Mexico and the establishment of a constitutional republic.
Constitution:
redistribution, universal suffrage, public education) and PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) established stability through 20th century.
Militarism
the belief that a country should use military force to achieve its goals and glorify its ideals
can lead to aggression, imperialism, jingoism, or war-mongering, as well as increased military spending and buildup
it caused nations to build up their armies and led to increased tensions between the European powers. This was especially prevalent in the arms race and naval race that occurred between the European nations before the start of World War I.
Alliances
caused the World War I to escalate from a regional conflict into a global war
Triple Alliance (WWI)
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy → Central Powers
Triple Entente
the Soviet Union, Britain, and France → Allies
Imperialism
European competition for imperial territories helped set the stage for the rivalries that played out during the First World War, and the war in turn had a major effect on the balance of imperial power.
Nationalism
it caused nations to build up their armies and led to increased militarism. As well, it created extremely high tensions in Europe in the decades before the outbreak of the First World War
many volunteered for the war and fought on the front lines
led to the desire of countries with strong self-identities to unite and attack other countries
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
ended World War I in 1919, but it also sowed the seeds of World War II by punishing Germany harshly
Germany had to accept the blame for the war, pay huge reparations, give up some territories, and limit its military and industrial capacity.
The treaty also created new problems and conflicts in Europe and beyond, by redrawing the map and creating new states and ethnic minorities.
What was a detrimental weapon used during WWI?
Artillery shellings
When did the the US enter WWI? And why?
1917; economic ties between the Allies and the US; felt that the Allies were democratic and Central Powers were not; Sinking of Lusitania by a German U-boat
Germany sank many American merchant ships around the British Isles which prompted the American entry into the war.
Zimmerman Telegram
German appeal to Mexico to enter the war in exchange for helping Mexico reclaim territory from the US
Total War
a state in which all of a country's resources go towards the war effort. Usually involves propaganda.
Maria Bochkareva’s Battalion of Death
As Russia’s soldiers suffered from sinking morale during World War I, the deteriorating and unstable Russian Government threw together a battalion of women fighters in an attempt to drum up some inspiration
When did Germany surrender?
1918
Big Four at the Paris Conference
US (Wilson), Britain (Lloyd George), France (Clemenceau), Itay (Orlando)
Italy walks out early, Russia not present
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
wanted “peace without victory,” a League of Nations to settle disputes, and self-determination for colonies. France and Britain were more insistent about punishing Germany.
The Americans’ vision was set out in Wilson’s Fourteen Points, which emphasized free trade, self-determination, and the founding of a League of Nations to support territorial and political independence of member nations.
Treaty of London (1915)
a secret treaty between the Triple Entente and the Kingdom of Italy that brought Italy into World War I on the Allied side
The agreement involved promises of Italian territorial expansion against Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and in Africa
Great Depression
a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late-1930s.
New Deal (FDR)
a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939.
Major federal programs and agencies included the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress Administration, the Civil Works Administration, the Farm Security Administration, the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 and the Social Security Administration. They provided support for farmers, the unemployed, youth, and the elderly. The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply.
During the Great Depression, the US became more…while Germany, Japan, Italy, Spain, and Brazil became more…USSR (Stalin)became more…
liberal…right-wing…left
John Maynard Keynes
wrote The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money to explain why the Great Depression had such a long period of time where labor markets did not seem to come into equilibrium, where the demand for labor and the supply of labor are equal.
Proposed a government deficit to stimulate the economy
Joseph Stalin’s Five-year Plan
industrialize the country and collectivize agriculture; Government forced peasants to work on certain farms, commandeered their tools and livestock → protest and massive famine, especially in Ukraine where millions died of starvation
industrial capacity does grow a lot
Fascism
a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation and race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.
Benito Mussolini (II Duce)
an Italian dictator and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party (PNF)
1935
Mussolini orders the invasion of Abyssinia; League of Nations does nothing, ruining its credibility
The Mandate System
Under the League of Nations, countries could maintain colonial control because colonial people needed “tutelage” (guard) → mandate system; colonies held under mandate
Arab lands held by Britain and France under this system → Arab resentment (they had been promised self-determination) and Pan-Arabist ideology (desire to unify North Africa and Middle East)
Balfour Declaration (1917)
supporting intention of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine, held under British mandate – (Jewish nationalists were Zionists); many Jews moved to Palestine as a result
Amritsar Massacre (1919)
The Amritsar Massacre was a brutal attack by British troops on a peaceful crowd of Indians in 1919, killing hundreds and wounding thousands.
Mohandas (“Mahatma”) Gandhi
a lawyer who popularized the cause for Indian Independence
Two-state solution
proposed framework for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by establishing two states for two peoples: Israel for the Jewish people and Palestine for the Palestinian people.
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) led by Mao Zedong
imagined a peasant-based communist uprising (rather than industrial worker-based, because China was almost all peasants; sought land redistribution to peasants)
Mao Zedong
a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC)
prosperous peasant inspired by Russia
Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party)
started by Sun Yat-sen, later by Chiang Kaishek, conservative who hated communism → 1927 Civil War
Long March of 1934
the embattled Chinese Communists break through Nationalist enemy lines and begin an epic flight from their encircled headquarters in southwest China
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
a concept that was developed in the Empire of Japan and propagated to Asian populations which were occupied by it from 1931 to 1945, and which officially aimed at creating a self-sufficient bloc of Asian peoples and states that would be led by the Japanese and be free from the rule of Western powers.
Mein Kampf
a 1925 autobiographical manifesto by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. The work describes the process by which Hitler became antisemitic and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany
1932
Nazis come to power legally in parliamentary elections
Burning of the Reichstag
create an “emergency” to justify his outlawing of other parties and any resistances to his rule – became the dictator (“das Fuhrer”)
Nuremberg Laws (1935)
laws discriminate against Jews and effectively pushed them to the margins of society; stripped of citizenship, couldn’t marry gentiles, lost livelihoods
The Formation of the Axis Powers
Germany joins with Fascist Italy in 1936 (Rome-Berlin Axis) and Japan (Anti-Comintern Pact) based on mutual distrust of communism to form the Axis powers.
Lebensraum
Living space; Hitler uses this term to express his desire to conquer Europe
Kristallnacht (1938)(The Night of Broken Glass)
Nazi-engineered anti–Jewish riot; 30,000 arrested and sent to concentration camps – permitted to leave Germany, not an option available to later Jewish prisoners.
Policy of Appeasement
the deliberate policy of giving concessions to an aggressive country in order that it will be satisfied and avoid conflict. Britain, followed by France, increasingly took this approach with Germany, Italy and Japan from 1935 onwards
Anschluss
Germany’s annexation/unification with Austria
Munich Agreement
an agreement between Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, signed at Munich on September 29, 1938, under which the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) was ceded to Nazi Germany, often cited as an example of misjudged or dishonorable appeasement.
Non-Agression Pact
The Soviet Union was going to occupy Eastern Poland, the Baltic States and part of Finland. One week later, Germany invaded Poland and two weeks later, the Soviet Union attacked Poland in the east.
WWII
1939-1945
War in Asia
Tensions between Japanese and Chinese troops in Manchuria (which, remember, Japan had invaded to create Manchukuo) had led to escalation and full-scale invasion of China by Japan in 1937
Blitzkrieg
"lightning war" in German, a strategy of fast and powerful attacks to shock and disorganize the enemy; fast-moving tank divisions
Destroyers for Bases
an agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom on September 2, 1940, according to which 50 Caldwell, Wickes, and Clemson class US Navy destroyers were transferred to the Royal Navy from the United States Navy in exchange for land rights on British possessions.
Lend-Lease Act
The Lend-Lease Act was a U.S. law that allowed President Roosevelt to help allies fight the Axis Powers in World War II without declaring war
The Blitz
aerial bombardment of Britain by German Luftwaffe (air force), meant to soften Britain for invasion; bombed cities relentlessly for months in a campaign
Pearl Harbor (1941)
Japan resents US for economic sanctions following its invasion of China; wrongly thinks US isolationism will lead to quick settlement
Germany declares war on the US – US joins the war on the side of the Allies (1941)
Battle of Midway
US destroys multiple Japanese aircraft carriers around Midway Island
Battle of Bulge (1944)
the last major German offensive on the Western Front during World War II—an unsuccessful attempt to push the Allies back from German home territory.
Japan defeat
Victories in Okinawa and Iwo Jima in early ‘45 + firebombing of Tokyo set US up to invade mainland; Emperor Hirohito refuses to surrender; US worried about casualties (which had been quite high in tough fighting in the Pacific)
August ‘45: Truman orders dropping of atomic bombs on strategic cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, prompting Japanese surrender
9/2/45: V-J Day
Genocide
The attempt of killing a whole group of people based on their race, religion, or ethnicity
Ottomans thought the Christian Armenian population was cooperating with the Russians → they were removed to camps, treated brutally, many murdered → bet. 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians killed in the Armenian genocide
Rape of Nanking (1937)
Japanese soldiers killed about 100,000 Chinese soldiers and civilians in 1937
Asia for Asiatics
Japan did not have a dedicated Holocaust-like plan, but they forced people they conquered to do hard labor (including “comfort women” for Japanese soldiers) under Asia for Asiatics program
The Holocaust
1942: The German SS, at the direction of Hitler and top Nazi officials, set about this campaign, which they called the “Final Solution” to the “Jewish Problem”
Initially, Nazi units moved from place to place, shooting Jews and burying them in mass graves
Later, they were forcibly sent to death camps built for the purpose, on freight trains on lines built for the purpose, where they were gassed and cremated in large numbers → “industrial slaughter”
Atlantic Charter
a declaration of eight common principles in international relations drawn up by Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt in August 1941, which provided the ideological basis for the United Nations organization.
Recognized right of self-determination
Marshall Plan
American society enjoys a postwar boom; America spends lavishly to rebuild Europe and Japan as liberal democracies
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