Final Exam Study Guide Sports BIO

When an athlete performs a skill in which the athlete determines when to begin and end the movement, this is known as a __________ skill.

closed

is best described as the pattern and sequence of movements that athletes use to perform a sports skill.

Technique

When a right-handed hitter swings a bat, what type of rotation occurs at the pelvis? (PG) =Pelvic Girdle

Left Transverse PG Rotation

Biomechanics is the application of _________ principles to the study of ___________ systems.

Mechanical; biological

Which of the following variables and principles are included in sport biomechanics?

All of the above are included

If a movement is analyzed using numbers, this is known as a/an _____________ analysis.

quantitative

A ___________ is the turning effect of a force or a force that causes rotation.

torque

The ___________ class lever is the most common type of lever in the human body.

third

In a _________ class lever, the force moment arm (FMA) is always longer than the resistance moment arm (RMA).

2nd

Which characteristic best explains why athletes with shorter limbs have an advantage in activities such as powerlifting and gymnastics?

These athletes have greater mechanical advantage because of smaller resistance arms; they require smaller muscle forces and joint torques to work against resistance.

A basketball player is performing a leg extension hamstring curl. If there is a resistance arm (RA) of 8 units and resistance (weight) coming from a leg extension machine of 5.5 units. How much force would need to be produced to balance the torque?

44

Starting at a 90-degree angle, an athlete performs a biceps curl. The biceps muscle shortens to lift the external load and then extends to lower the external load back to the starting position. What type (s) of contraction is the biceps muscle undergoing during the whole range of motion?

both concentric and eccentric

A coach uses a jump mat to estimate the vertical jump height of a volleyball player. The jump mat provides consistent measures over repeated trials, but the outcome measures drastically overestimate the volleyball player's actual jump height. The measures derived from the jump mat are _______________________.

reliable but not valid

Demonstrating good technique when introducing a new skill to an athlete is essential.

False

What type of injury is often associated with excessive inversion of the ankle?

Lateral (Low) Ankle Sprain

The angle of pull at a given joint represents the _______________ component of force and produces a torque.

perpendicular

In sports, quantitative and qualitative assessments of technique are both effective ways to measure performance.

True

When the player (Julius Randle) lands and presumably suffers the injury. The mechanism of injury (MOI) discussed in the video mentions what type of joint action?

Shoulder adduction

Cartilage can often be damaged at the joint where the injury occurred for Julius Randle. Based on what was discussed in the video covered in class, choose the injury that best fits this description of the injury that can likely occur.

Glenoid Labrum (Labral) Tear

What is likely the major injury(s) that has been sustained by the basketball player (Julius Randle) that was discussed in the video covered in class?

Glenohumeral subluxation and/or glenohumeral dislocation

If a ball is kicked and it takes off and lands at the same height, which of the following is true regarding the time it takes the ball to travel from the ground to the apex and the time it takes the ball to travel from the apex to the ground?

These times are equal

If a person or object is projected at an angle that is 45° CCW from the ground, what is the relationship between the x and y components of the person or object's velocity?

The components are equal to each other

When a projectile is moving up towards the apex, which of the following is true regarding its vertical velocity?

It is positive

When a projectile is moving down from the apex towards the ground, which of the following is true regarding its vertical velocity?

It is negative

Which of the following is true regarding a projectile's horizontal velocity?

It remains constant

When you apply a force to the ground, the ground applies an equal force back in the opposite direction. This refers to Newton's 2nd Law of Motion.

False

According to Newton's 2nd Law of motion, acceleration will increase if the ________ applied increases.

force

Inertia describes a resistance to change in motion.

True

describes the quantity of motion that occurs. It is the product of mass and velocity.

Momentum

is a measure of the amount of matter or stuff in a person or object.

Mass

A person kicks a ball with a resultant velocity of 32 m/s at an angle 47° CCW from the ground. Round answer to 2 decimal places. DO NOT include units with answer.

21.82

A person kicks a ball with a resultant velocity of 32 m/s at an angle 47° CCW from the ground. Round answer to 2 decimal places. DO NOT include units with answer.

23.4

A person kicks a ball with a resultant velocity of 32 m/s at an angle 47° CCW from the ground. Round answer to 2 decimal places. DO NOT include units with answer.

4.77

A person kicks a ball with a resultant velocity of 32 m/s at an angle 47° CCW from the ground. Round answer to 2 decimal places. DO NOT include units with answer.

104.08

A person kicks a ball with a resultant velocity of 32 m/s at an angle 47° CCW from the ground. Round answer to 2 decimal places. DO NOT include units with answer.

Δp = vit + 1/2at2

vf = vi + at; or t = (vf - vi)/a

vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔp

h = v2/2ag

27.91

is about rotation and forces experienced when rotating.

Angular kinetics

Gravity can cause and initiate rotation or limit rotation.

True

Based on the fundamental principles of angular kinetics regarding gravity, if Diver A jumps from a board that is 10 meters and Diver B jumps from a board that is 5 meters, which diver will have the greatest final velocity if they are the same size?

Diver A

The approximate location of the center of gravity (COG) in males is slightly higher than the location in females.

True

describes the quantity of motion that a rotating athlete/object possesses.

Angular momentum

Angular momentum is the the product of

Moment of Inertia & Angular Velocity

A person's center of gravity (COG) is stationary and will remain in the same location even when movement occurs.

False

The principle of conservation of ________________ is the rotary equivalent of Newton's 1st Law of Motion (Law of Inertia). A spinning object or person will continue to spin unless an outside force acts on it.

Angular Momentum

If an athlete increases their radius of gyration (ex. figure skater extending arms), their angular velocity would _____________.

Decrease

Changing an athlete's body composition (e.g., a bodybuilder who exclusively works out legs, ignoring arms) is one way to shift a person's center of gravity (COG).

True

The center of gravity (COG) is where we can find the ___________________ (the point that weight forces are equal on either side).

Balance point

is the ability of an athlete to control their movements/the forces that make an athlete stable.

Balance

relates to how much resistance a person/athlete can put up against a disturbance.

Stability

A wrestler on the defensive lies face down and flat on a mat with their arms and legs stretched out wide. Which of the following options best describes how this would affect the athlete's stability?

Base of support is large & increases stability

refers to the area of space enclosed by the points of contact with an athlete's body to a support surface.

Base of support

is a vertical line drawn from a person/object's center of gravity (COG) to the ground.

Line of gravity

When an athlete's line of gravity (LOG) approaches the center of their base of support (BOS), stability will __________, and when their LOG approaches the edge of the BOS, stability will _____________.

increase, decrease

An athlete with a high body mass and large inertia, like a sumo wrestler, will have greater linear stability than an athlete with a low body mass and small inertia, like a cross-country runner.

True

When longer jumpers in track and field take off from the ground, they will rotate forward, which is bad for performance. One way they can counteract this unwanted forward rotation is to ______________ while in the air to create backward rotation.

rotate arms & legs in the same direction

is the resistance of an athlete or object against being tilted, tipped over, or spun in a circle when not in motion. It also describes the ability of an athlete or object to resist being stopped or slowing the rate of spin if they are rotating.

Rotary stability

A sport skill that is performed in an unpredictable or changing environment is known as a(n) ____________ skill.

open

Many sports skills can be divided into four phases: the Setup Phase, Windup Phase, _____________, and Follow-Through Phase.

Force-Producing Movements Phase

Freestyle swimming is an example of a discrete sport skill.

False

In a javelin throw, the approach, backward lean, wide throwing stance, hip and chest rotation, and weight shift are considered ____________ of the sport skill.

Key Elements

What is the term for goals or outcomes that occur as a result of the performance of a skill? *Hint: the rules of the sport determines this

Skill Objectives

A trait of an Open Skill is that it is performed in a predictable environment.

False

The first step in analyzing a skill is to ________________________.

determine the objectives of the skill

Dividing a skill into ____________ allows coaches to more effectively analyze and correct sport skills.

phases

Force-Producing Phases in a sport skill generally contain the most key elements.

True

Which of the following is NOT an example of a skill objective for a sport?

Nutrition

Coaches should gather background information before the start of a coaching session and come to each session with a precise plan to guide observation, analysis, and corrections of errors.

True

Nonrepetitive skills, such as a baseball pitch, are often called ____________ skills. (What is another name for Nonrepetitive skills?)

discrete

For a coach to analyze and correct errors effectively, it is important to understand the mechanical reasons each key element of a sport skill is performed.

True

There are several steps to understanding and gathering information needed to improve athletes' performance. The third step recommends studying the top-flight performance of the skill (aka studying top athletes). From here, coaches and applied sports mechanists should instruct the athlete to mimic everything that the elite athlete does in training/practice.

False

Race walking, swimming, and speed skating are all examples of ______________________.

Repetitive

Step 1: Determine the _____________ of the skill.

objectives

Step: 2 Note any special _________________ of the skill.

characteristics

Step 3: Study top-flight _______________ of the skill.

performances

Step 4: Divide the skill into

phases

Step 5: Divide each phase into

key elements.

Step 6: Understand the mechanical reasons that each key element is _______________ as it is.

performed

Repetitive and Non-repetitive skills or _________ and ___________

Cyclic and discrete

Predictable and unpredictable environments or _________ and ________ _______

Closed and open skills

What is continuous in nature. Has the same movement pattern throughout sport

Examples of this: swimming, speed skating, cycling, etc.

Repetitive/ Cyclic skill

Movement patterns have a definite beginning and end. Skills are not repeated, so other action happens after. Can be a skill that is followed by a different skill.

Ex) Triple Jump combines 3 discrete skills together Can you think of other examples?

Non-repetitive/ discrete skills

Open vs Closed skills

Open = ________________

Closed= _______________

Unpredictable; Predictable

Open skills occur when ____________ competing against an opponent

directly

Closed skills the athlete determines when to begin _____________

movement

Four phases of a skill

1: Prepatory movements (setup) and mental set

2: Windup (also called backswing)

3: _Force-producing_ movements

4: Follow-through (or recovery)

Key elements are ______________ that join to make up a phase. Identify the distinct actions that are essential to the success of each ________ in the skill.

distinct actions; phase

The Five Steps for Identifying and Correcting Errors in Sport Skills

Step 1: Observe the complete _______

skill

Step 2: Analyze each phase and its key ___________

elements

Step 3: Use your knowledge of _________________ in your analysis.

sport mechanics

Step 4: Select errors to be ______________

corrected

Step 5: Decide on __________________ for the correction of errors.

appropriate methods

What to consider when observing sports skills:

Ensure safety when observing, Choosing a setting for the observation, Observe an athlete's performance of the skill, Look for clues in the observation

After you have watched the complete skill, concentrate on individual _______ and their __________________

phases; key elements

destroy the athlete's stability or the optimal use of muscular force, resulting in poor performance.

Major Errors

only partially detract from the performance of the skill. But, among high skilled athletes, minor errors can be the difference between a good performance and a world record.

Minor Errors

The underlying rule when determining which errors to work on is to focus on the ones that can be _____________

modified

The 4 suggested steps in correcting errors

Step 1: Ensure safety in coaching ____________ skills.

high-risk

Use outside sources to _aid in the correction_.

The 4 suggested steps in correcting errors

Step 2: Take steps in error ___________

correction

The 4 suggested steps in correcting errors

Step 3: _______________ ideas for correcting errors.

Communicate

The 4 suggested steps in correcting errors

Step 4: Use outside sources to _____ in the correction.

aid