surface culture
aspects like behaviour, customs traditions, and architecture of a culture than can be easily observed
deep culture
the more cognitive aspects of a culture such as gender roles, respect for authority and rules, and concepts of social identity and the self
cross-cultural psychologists
psychologists who focus on understanding other cultures and the potential areas for misunderstanding
Hofstede
defines culture as the collective programming of the mind that guides a group of people in their daily interactions and distinguishes them from other groups of people
Matsumoto (2007)
defines culture as a unique meaning and information system shared by a group and transmitted across generations
cultural norms
the unique set of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours specific to a particular culture (how to achieve culture)
cultural transmission
attitudes, behaviours, and beliefs being passed from one generation to the next and accomplished through enculturation and social cognition
enculturation
the process by which individuals learn their culture
gatekeeper theory
a psychology and communication theory related to who controls access to information and ideas in a social group
socialized
learning behaviours simply by being a part of the culture
acculturation
a process of psychological and cultural change as a result of contact and interaction between cultures