Chapter 12 - European Society in the Age of the Renaissance

Renaissance

A “rebirth” of classical culture

Classical

Referring to ancient Greco-Roman

Antiquity

Referring to ancient Greco-Roman

Secular

Not affiliated with religion

Northern Italian cities

Where the the center of the Renaissance?

Patronage

Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, individuals, and the church to produce specific works in specific styles

Communes

Sworn associations of free men in Italian cities led by merchant guilds

To create a better society through the study and application of Greco-Roman art, architecture, literature, science, and philosophy

What was the goal of the Renaissance?

Oligarchy

a small group of the elite in control of the government

Popolo

Disenfranchised common people in Italian cities led by merchant guilds

Signori

Government by one-man rule in Italian cities such as Milan; also refers to these rulers

Courts

Magnificent households and palaces where signori and other rulers lived, conducted business, and supported the arts

Lorenzo de’ Medici

A member of the very powerful Medici family ruling over Florence; a patron of the arts

Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naple

5 Italian City States:

unified … collaborative

The city states were not ______ but still _______

Savonarola

Dominican friar who overthrew the Medicis, becoming the political and religious leader of Florence. He aimed to reorganize government and rid people of sin

Bonfire of the Vanities

Savonarola’s method to clear sin from people by ridding themselves of luxuries

Petrach

The “Father of Humanism,'“ who believed that past Roman writers/artists reached a level of perfection

Humanism

A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.

Put less focus on religious ideas

Humanism __________

Virtu

the quality of being able to shape the world according to one’s will

Education

_______ at the center of humanism

“The Courtier”

Castiglione’s work promoting a well-rounded person, proficient in many aspects of life

“The Prince”

Machiavelli’s work on how to be a successful leader, separating politics from morality

Christian Humanists

Northern humanists who interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their own religious traditions

“Utopia”

Moore’s work promoting humanistic elements but introduces problems like poverty and hunger

“Praise of Folly”

Written by Desiderius Erasmus, the main Christian humanist, who promoted education as a means to moral and intellectual improvement. His work criticized how people view those in power

Gutenberg Printing Press

allowed for faster creation of books and spread the Bible and new ideas. It also increased urban literacy and opened many schools

1450

When was Gutenberg’s Printing Press Made?

Classical, portraits, linear perspective, realistic, detail, humanistic

What themes were present in Renaissance art?

Rafeal

Which artist? - Painted the “School of Athens” and “Madonna and Child”

Donatello

Which artist? - Bronze statue of David

Da Vinci

Which artist? - “Mona Lisa” and “The Last Supper”

Michelangelo

Which artist? - Marble statue of David, the Sistine Chapel, “La Pieta”

Botticelli

Which artist? - “The Birth of Venus”

Albrecht Durer

Which artist? - Woodcuts

Hans Holbein

Which artist? - Portraiture (Henry VIII)

Jan Van Eyck

Which artist? - Arnolfini Wedding Portrait and Ghent Altarpiece

Pieter Bruegel

Which artist? - “The Elder" and “Peasant’s Wedding”

servants, laborers, and craftsmen

Slaves (black and white) worked as _________

Debate about Women

Debate among writers and thinkers in the Renaissance about women’s qualities and proper role in society

Charles VII

Began French recovery after the 100 Years’ war by diminishing the nobles, collecting taxes, and establishing the first permanent army

Concordat of Bologna

Agreement between French king Francis I and Pope Leo X, stating that the French kind controlled and appointed the policies of church officials

Tudor

The War of Roses resulted in the _____ dynasty

Henry VII

regained royal prestige, diminished the nobility, established the basis for the Royal Navy, and established order through Machiavellian principles

Ferdinand and Isabella

Of Aragon and Castille, they loosely united Spain, officially established Catholicism, and diminished the nobility.

Reconquista

the flushing of Jews (and Muslims) out of Spain

1492

Reconquista

New Christians

A term for Jews and Muslims in the Iberian peninsula who accepted Christianity

Spanish Inquisition

The questioning of New Christian’s Catholicism through torture

Northern Renaissance

Characterized by religious reform, landscape art, revolts on church authority, and naturalism

Naturalism

Realistic and natural beauty (Northern Renaissance)

Idealism

Focus on perfection (Italian Renaissance)

Individualism

stressed personality, uniqueness, genius and full development of one's capabilities and talents; fame, ambition and success motivated people to perfect talents and abilities; aspect of humanism

Fugger family

A family in Germany who had a great deal of money due to international banking, and they used there pull to patronize art of the Northern Renaissance.

Medici family

A family, made wealthy by starting a banking industry in Florence, who were major patrons to the arts during the Renaissance.

New Monarchs

European monarchs who created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy. They began to limit power of local nobility. The new monarchs also negotiated a new relationship with the Catholic Church.

Court of the Star Chamber

In England, a judicial innovation of Henry VII of England, designed to curb the independence of the nobility, whereby criminal charges brought against the nobility were judged by a court of the king's own councilors.

War of the Roses

struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII.

Spanish Inquisition

the "questioning" that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain (especially from the 15th to the 17th centuries.