Organic Chemistry (Regents)

addition

adding one or more atoms to an unsaturated hydrocarbon

clues: alkene or alkyne on reactant side, only one product

carbon can make ____________ bonds

4 covalent bonds

molecular formula

true formula: tells exactly how many of each type of atom there is present in a chemical, however does not tell the structure

structural formula

shows arrangement of atoms

organic chemistry

study of compounds containing carbon

- carbon can make 4 covalent bonds, so long chains or rings can be formed

uses of organic compounds

fuel, medicines, construction, material, nutrients

properties of organic compounds (similar to covalent molecules)

- low melting point and boiling point

- usually react more slowly than ionic compounds

- weak intermolecular forces

- usually nonpolar

the longer the carbon chain, intermolecular forces are stronger and boiling points are higher

hydrocarbons

contain just carbon and hydrogen (usually used as fuels).

there are thousands of different hydrocarbons known, they are placed in groups of similar structure and properties called homologous series (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)

alkanes

contain only single bonds, between carbons. due to the single bonds, they contain the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom and are called saturated hydrocarbons

general formula of alkanes

where n = number of carbons, on Table Q

rules for naming simple alkanes/alkenes/alkynes (up to 3 carbons)

1. count the # of carbons, and choose appropriate prefix from Table P

2. end name with -ane/-ene/-yne depending on bond types

3. For alkenes and alkynes the number tells you which Carbon the double or triple bond is located

alkenes

contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. due to the fact that it cannot contain the maximum # of hydrogen per carbon they are considered unsaturated hydrocarbons

general formula of alkenes

n = # of carbons

alkynes

contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. also considered unsaturated hydrocarbons

molecular formula of alkynes

isomers

compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formula.

- begin with a 4+ carbon chain

- more carbons = more possible isomers

- each one has a different chemical/physical properties

"branch"

any carbons that are not part of the longest continuous chain of carbons is called a branch

rules for naming branches compounds

1. find largest continuous chain of carbons. this is called the "parent chain" and is the last name of the compound

2. any carbons not part of parent chain are a branch. they are named by number of carbons and end in -yl

3. if necessary, the location of a branch (address) is given the lowest number possible

4. if more than one of the same type of branch is attached, a prefix is used to tell how many (di = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4)

functional groups

atoms that replace one or more H's in a hydrocarbon that gives the compounds distinctive chemical and physical properties

different classes of organic compounds have different

functional groups

Table R Regents Chemistry Reference Table

has a list of functional groups, and the class of compounds they belong to

compounds with functional groups could have

isomers with very few carbons (dont need 4 carbons to have an isomer like hydrocarbons)

halide (halocarbon)

have one or more halogen atoms attached to a hydrocarbon

to name: use tables P, Q, and R together. prefixes (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-) then parent chain, might need address

alcohols

when a hydroxyl group (-OH) is attached to a carbon chain.

to name: drop -e at end of parent chain and add (-ol), might need an address

organic acids

functional group is a carboxyl group (-COOH)

to name: drop -e and add -oic acid to parent name, no address necessary bc -cooh always attached to carbon #1

aldehydes

have a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to end of molecule (-CHO)

to name: drop -e and add -al to parent chain, no address necessary bc attached to carbon #1

ketones

have a carbonyl group (C=O) located on an interior carbon of the parent chain, not first one

to name: drop -e and add -one to the parent chain, adding address may be necessary

ethers

have a single bonded (C-O-C) interrupting a carbon chain

to name: use -yl to tell the branch length on either side of oxygen atom, end in "ether"

esters

have a -COOC- interrupting a carbon chain

to name: count the carbons attached to C=O and end in -oate, this is the last name, count the carbons attached to the O-C side, name this branch with -yl and use this as first name of molecule

properties of esters

sweet smell, component of natural fruit smells and perfumes

amines contain

nitrogen

amides contain

nitrogen and =O on same carbon

amino acids

contain amine group on one end and -COOH on other

combustion

when sufficient oxygen is present, hydrocarbons will burn and produce water and carbon dioxide

fermentation

when a sugar is broken down into alcohol and carbon dioxide, without o2 present

substitution

switching a hydrogen atom on an alkane with a different atom

clues: alkane on reactant side, hydrogen with another element on product side

esterification

making esters by reacting an acid with an alcohol

clues: acid and alcohol are reactants, ester is product

saponification

making soap by reacting fats with strong bases, clue: a base will be reactant use table l

fat + base = glycerol + soap

polymerization

making a large molecule by putting together many monomers

addition: breaking double or triple bonds

condensation: removing water

METHYL

common "Branch" or side chain in a hydrocarbon that has 1 carbon. Name from prefix on Table P + "yl"

if there are more than 1 present must use a prefix: di, tri, tetra, etc.

**when naming place the number of the carbon it is attached to infant of it. When multiple place the numbers in order separated by a comma. (2,2 dimethyl, 3,2 tri-ethyl, or 2,3 diethyl 2 methyl)

ETHYL

common "Branch" or side chain in a hydrocarbon that has 2 carbons. Name from prefix on Table P + "yl"

if there are more than 1 present must use a prefix: di, tri, tetra, etc.

**when naming place the number of the carbon it is attached to infant of it. When multiple place the numbers in order separated by a comma. (2,2 dimethyl, 3,2 tri-ethyl, or even 2,3 diethyl 2 methyl)

Propane

common hydrocarbon with 3 carbons.

Name from prefix on Table P + "ane" because there are only single bonds present, aka it is an alkane

Butane

common hydrocarbon with 4 carbons.

Name from prefix on Table P + "ane" because there are only single bonds present, aka it is an alkane

Pentane

common hydrocarbon with 5 carbons.

Name from prefix on Table P + "ane" because there are only single bonds present, aka it is an alkane

Hexane

common hydrocarbon with 6 carbons.

Name from prefix on Table P + "ane" because there are only single bonds present, aka it is an alkane

Names of "branches" added to make isomers (based on the number of carbons in the branch)

Name from prefix on Table P + "yl"

if there are more than 1 present must use a prefix: di, tri, tetra, etc.

**when naming place the number of the carbon it is attached to infant of it. When multiple place the numbers in order separated by a comma. (2,2 dimethyl, 3,2 tri-ethyl, or even 2,3 diethyl 2 methyl)

Saturated

Has only SINGLE bonds (Alkanes!)

Fermentation

Fermentation: The anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration of simple sugars by yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Enzymatic reaction (zymase)

Glucose ==> ethanol + CO2

C6H12O6 ==> C2H5OH + CO2

Unsaturated

Has DOUBLE or TRIPLE bonds present (Alkenes and Alkyne's

Polymers

olymer: A long chain of connected monomer units. A few examples include: rayon, silk, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic, and polystyrene (plastic).

Synthetic: nylon, polyethylene

Natural : cellulose, starch, proteins

Fractional Distillation

A process used to separate liquids with different B.P.'s (which is boiled to produce a vapor that's then condensed into a liquid).

Cracking

A controlled process by which hydrocarbons are broken down or rearranged into smaller, more useful molecules.