316 Exam 2: Phonological Processes

3 types

• syllable structure

• assimilation

• substitution

which ones disappear by age 3

• prevocalic

• fcd

• nasal assimilation

• coalescence

• fronting

• backing

• affrication

final consonant deletion

deletion of a single consonant

• b a t → b ae _

unstressed syllable deletion

when an unstressed syllable is deleted

• p o t a t o → t e d o

reduplication

partial or total repetition of syllable/word

• b a b y → b e b e (total)

• b o t t l e → ba da (partial)

• h o r s e → h c r s i (diminutive=adding i sound)

epenthesis

sound inserted between two consonants (typically schwa e)

• b l u e → b (uh) l u

initial consonant deletion

consonant deleted in initial position

• t e a m → _ i m

cluster deletion

some or all part of cluster is deleted

• b o a t s → b o t (partial)

• b o a t s → b o (total)

cluster substitution

when one member of a cluster is replaced with another consonant (typically liquids)

• b r e a k → b w ei k

regressive assimilation

later sound influences an earlier sound

• d o g g y → g c g i

progressive assimilation

an earlier sound influences a later sound

• d o g → d c d

labial assimilation

consonant becomes a labial bc of another labial in the word

• t a b l e → b e b o

alveolar assimilation

sound turns into an alveolar sound due to another one in the word

• f e e t - t i t

velar assimilation

sound in the word becomes a velar sound because of another in the word

• t a k e → k ei k

nasal assimilation

sound becomes a nasal consonant located nearby in phonetic context

• w i n d o w → m I n d o

prevocalic voicing

voiceless obsruents before a vowel become voiced

• p e a → d i

postvocalic devoicing

voiced obstruent in final position becomes voiceless

• r a g → r ae k

metathesis

when sounds switch (dont need to be next to one another)

• a s k → ae k s

coalescence

combining sounds into another

• s p o o n → f u n (sp into f)

stopping

replacing any manner (but a nasal) with a stop

• s o a p → t o p

stridency deletion

strident c is replaced/omitted with a non strident c

• stridents: f v s z sh guh, tf, d3

• s o a p → o p, t o p

fronting

replace back sound with a front sound

• g a t e → t ei t

depalatalization

palatal sound is replaced with non palatal sound (more forward in mouth)

• j u m p → z ^ m p

palatalization

addition of palatal sound to a nonpalatal sound

• s e w → sh o

affrication

replacing a fricative with an affricate

• s h o e → tf u

deaffrication

affricate changes to a stop or fricative

• j e e p → z i p , d i p

backing

front consonants are replaced with back consonants (velars or glottal)

• s h o e → k u

gliding

replace a liquid with a glide

• r o a d → w o d

vowelization

syllabic liquids or nasals are replaced with vowels

• t a b l e → t ei b o