Period 4

1800-1844

Thomas Jefferson’s federal changes

• Ignored the constitution and did what he wanted

• Appointed government positions from his party

Thomas Jefferson’s military changes

responded to war with boycotting when denied going to war by congress

Jefferson’s Presidential Style

Focused primarily on expansion, first Democratic-Republican, focused less on war

Embargo of 1807

A reaction to French-English tensions leading to France and England trying to get the US on their side of the war of 1812. This  prohibited all American ships from leaving US Ports for foreign destinations, restricted imports from Britain and prevented foreign ships from loading cargo in US ports.The act was disastrous, and failed miserable

Impressment

forcing people to join a military force, usually against their will, popular with navy forces

Battle of Bladensburg

British victory, they captured and burnt the Capitol and National Archives

Battle of Fort McHenry

American victory, British surrendered. Inspired Francis Scott Key to write The Star Spangled Banner when he saw the bright colors and the huge flag on the hill

Battle of New Orleans

Led by Andrew Jackson, Huge American victory solidified the importance of the Louisiana Territory

Treaty of Ghent

The peace treaty that ended the war of 1812 without further conflict

National Republicans

• Supported a stronger federal government

• Second National Bank

• Favored American System

• Drew support from the elite

Jacksonian Democrats

• Favored a more limited federal government

• Opposed the Second National Bank

• Supported by the “common man”

• Represented the wil of the people

War of 1812

• Native Americans aligned with British

• American forces were ill-prepared for war, fighting went badly

• Treaty of Ghent signed, ending war

• War spurred American manufacturing, led to self-sufficiency

President Madison’s reaction to War of 1812

• He daleyed going to war for as long as pissible

• He focusedon a time of peace, promoting national growth and ignoring international issues

Eli Whitney

Invented the Cotton Gin and interchangeable parts

Cotton Gin

• revolutionized southern agriculture and increased demand for cotton

• Spread cotton as the chief crop intensified South’s dependence on slave labor

Missouri Compromise

A compromise that Drew a line to keep northern states and slave states an equal balance (allowed Missouri as a slave state for Maine as a free one)

Alexis de Tocqueville

• viewed religion as crucial for the health of a democracy

• a system of "spiritual checks and balances" to provide moral guidance and prevent the excesses of pure self-interest or tyranny of the majority

• believed a separation of church and state was beneficial, as it fostered genuine belief among the populace rather than relying on a state-enforced religion

Henry Clay

Created his American System, advocated aggressively for it

American System

Championed protective tariffs, interstate road improvements, and rechartering of national bank

Protective tariffs

Would pay for many internal developments

Jackson Campaign

Focused on his involvement with the military, focus on states rights

John Quincy Adams campaign

Focus on federal owner, past diplomatic experience, family name

Presidential Election in 1824

President chosen by the House of Representatives

The Corrupt Bargain

Between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay - clay would use his influence to get Adams chosen for president in exchange for the Secretary of State Position

The Second Bank of the United States

acted as the nation's central bank, serving as the federal government's fiscal agent, managing federal funds, and stabilizing the economy after the War of 1812. It achieved this by issuing and redeeming banknotes, holding government deposits, managing the national debt, and regulating state banks by controlling the amount of their notes in circulation. However, the bank faced intense political opposition, particularly from President Andrew Jackson, and its charter was not renewed, leading to its closure in 1836

The Election of 1828

more people could vote than ever before, Jackson won the Lction with a majority vote

The Nullification Crisis

South Carolina felt that the tariffs of abominations were unfair towards southern states and threatened to not pay these taxes, as well as threatened to secede from the union

John Calhoun

Calhoun supported the idea of allowing state'’ rights and spearheaded the idea of enabling the states to nullify any federal law deemed unconstitutional and not follow it

The Indian Relocation Act

It enabled the removal of natives from native land, and had them sent to Oklahoma.

Worcester v. Georgia

Cherokees fought back, won supreme court case for their land, but President Jackson disregarded the ruling and sent an army towards them

Chief Black Hawk

LEd the Sauk and Fox Tribes, resided in Illinois

Black Hawk War of 1832

with Peace delegates of America (removal of natives) opened fire on Native delegates, then ran back and stated the natives had attacked them. Resulted in the Treaty of Fort Laramie, which stated that Native Americans could control Great Plains part of the Arkansas River. 6 million acres of land given to the US

Manifest Destiny

the belief that lands to the west are God given and therefore perfect for the US to expand unto

Gadsden Purchase

A purchase made by President Franklin Pierce giving the US Arizona and New Mexico for the transcontinental railroad, marking the end of Manifest Destiny

Exodusters

people (mainly black cowboys) leaving the South for the West (away from violent, debt, and politics)

Sutter’s Mill

the original place in California where gold was found, leading to the gold rush

Sooners

those who left and got to oklohoma before everyone else

California Gold Rush

gold was found in Califronia, peeople thought they would get very rigch. Natives were finally pushed off their lands entirely.

Mormonism

Orthodax Christianity combined with Mormon beliefs. Many practiced polygamy (very looked down upon),eventually people were exiled and they moved across the country

Polygamy

the act of having multiple romantic partners, ex. multiple wives of a single husband

Stephen Austin

Empresario (someone who bought and sold land) who sold land to the Americans (in northern Mexico) established first Angelo county → fought in Texas War for Independence

James Polk

President from 1845→1849, Manifest Destiny, expansionist, established the Rio Grande border between TX and Mexico

Sam Houston

American General and Statesman who played a prominent role in the TX revolution, the first and third president of TX

William Travis

A key figure form theTexas Revolution → primarily known for his command of the Texan forces of the Alamo (leading to a death of all of his soldiers, including himself)

American Slavery in Mexico

seen as an acto f war by Mexican dictator, led to the TX revolution

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

the Mexican military dictator

Battle of the Alamo

a battle between Mexican Army and American settles… ALL Americans died

The Annexation of Texas

was controversial as Texas was a slave state. US annexed Texas in December of 1945

Factors leading to the Mexican-American War

• Mexico still considered texas to be a part of them, so when the US annexed them I tas considered an Act of War

• Border Disputes

• Manifest Destiny as a whole

Outcome of the Mexican-American War

Americans won 500,000 miles o new territory throught the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

ended the Mexican-American War, officially annexed TX to the US

Sand Creek Massacre

the US Army attacked Cheyenne and Arapaho villages, killing 150 natives, 2/3 of which were Women and Children

Wilmot Proviso

a proposal by David Wilmot to an slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico fter the MExican-American Waro

Zachary Taylor

War hero in Mexican American War, serves as 12th Preisdent, but died 16 months in

Henry David Thoreau

a philosopher strongly for self-reliance, freedom, and opposition to government policies (civil disobedience → strongly against the mex-american war)

Homestead Act

an act allowing 100 acres of land to head of households or 21 year old white males who agree to take care of the land for 5 years

“Civilizing” Native Americans Tactics

• Establishing government-run Indian schools, where they taught children of Native tribes to adopt a white education

• Individual land ownershipto adopt farming

• Force Christianity with opening of churches

• Took away food source to push for farming families - but the land was unfit to farm on

The Building of the Transcontinental Railroad

Chinese and Irish immigrants were the main working force for building the railroad

The Trail of Tears

the path that the US government forced Native Americans to take, resulting in thousands of deaths through cold, harsh conditions and poor treatment

The Oregon Trail

a 2,000-mile historical overland route used by approximately 400,000 emigrants to travel from the Missouri River to the Willamette Valley in Oregon between 1840 and 1860. The journey, which could take four to six months, was a major 19th-century migration in American history, characterized by struggles with illness, accidents, and hardship

The Long Drive

the act of cowboys herding cattle to railroad towns, where they would be shipped to slaughterhouses and markets

Factors of the end of the cowboy lifestyle

• The invention of barbed wire

• Expansion of railroads

• Economic territory Disputes betweeen cattle and sheep farmers

• End of the Wild West

Settling the Great Plains

suplemented by the Homestead Act and Dawes Plan, generally offering land for cheap with restrictions requiring staying on said land

Dawes Plan

• Authorized the President to divide reservation land into smaller allotments for individual Native Americans.

• Only those who accepted the individual allotments could become U.S. citizens.

• Native Americans who did not meet criteria for "full-blood" or "mixed-blood" were effectively "detribalized".

• Outcome: The act led to the U.S. government stripping over 90 million acres of tribal land from Native Americans and selling it to non-native settlers. It had a devastating and long-lasting impact on Native American social structures and cultures

Turner’s hypothesis

• argument by historian Frederick Jackson Turner that the westward expansion and frontier experience were the most important factors in shaping American democracy, character, and institutions.

• posited that the availability of free land and the challenges of settling the frontier fostered traits like individualism, democracy, and innovation, and created a unique American identity separate from its European roots