RA CH 9, 10 & 11 HELP ME

WE ALL GONNA DIE

Ear (Pinna) — Proportions

Length = 1/3 face length; width = 2/3 ear length.

Ear Placement

Vertical: along ramus of mandible
Middle: external auditory meatus/zygomatic arch
Lobe: anterior to mastoid process
Surface: superior = eyebrow/root of nose; inferior = base of nose.

Helix (red)

Outer rim; question-mark shape.

Scapha (blue)

Shallowest depression; between helix & antihelix.

Antihelix (green)

Inner rim.

Crura of Antihelix (red)

Superior and anterior branches of the antihelix

Crus of Helix (blue)

Origin; flattened in concha.

Concha (red)

Deepest depression. concave shell of the ear

Triangular Fossa (blue)

Between crura; second deepest depression.

Tragus( red)

Elevation protecting external auditory meatus.

Antitragus (blue)

Opposite tragus, superior border of lobe

Intertragic Notch (red)

Between tragus & antitragus.

Lobe (blue)

Inferior fatty 1/3 of ear.

Nose — Proportions

Length = 1/3 face; width = 1/5 face.

Nose Placement

Superior = glabella; inferior = plane of ear.

Nasal Index

Width ÷ Height × 100

(Classification) Leptorrhine

•A nasal index having a long, narrow, and high bridge.

•Nasal index of 70.0 or less

(Classification) Mesorrhine

A nasal index which is medium broad and medium-low bridged.

•Nasal index of 70.0 to 84.9

Classification: Platyrrhine

A nasal index which is short and broad and has the minimum of projection.

•Nasal index of 85.4 and above

Nose profile: Straight (Grecian)

•A nasal profile in which the dorsum exhibits a straight line from the root to the tip.

•The most common nasal profile

(Nose profile) Convex (Roman, Aquilin)

A nasal profile which exhibits a hump in its linear form.

Nasal Profiles

Straight (Grecian) — straight line root→tip
Convex (Roman) — hump
Concave (Infantine) — depressed/turned-up tip

Nose Anatomy

Nasal bones; nasal spine of maxilla; septum, • Vertical cartilage dividing nasal cavity into two chambers. • Responsible for asymmetry; lateral cartilages.

Dorsum Nasi Parts

• The anterior protruding ridge of the nose from the root to the tip of the lobe.

dorsum nasi: root

• The apex (top) of the pyramidal mass of the nose. • Directly inferior of the forehead. • Concave dip inferior to the forehead (profile view).

dorsum nasi: bridge

•A raised support. •The arched portion of the nose which is supported by the nasal bones

dorsum nasi: protuding lobe and tip

The rounded, anterior projection of the tip of the nose; tip, the termination of the forward projection of the nose.

Wings of the Nose

Lateral lobes.

Columna Nasi

Fleshy end of septum between nostrils. most inferior part of the nose.

Anterior Nares

External openings of nostrils.

Mouth — Proportions

Width = two eyes; 2/5 face; base of two noses.

Prognathism types (2)

• Maxillary prognathism

• Mandibular prognathism

Integumentary Lips

Skin portion of lips (upper and lower)

Mucous Membranes

Visible red portion.

Weather Lines

The line of color change at the junction of the wet and dry portions of each mucous membrane; point of lip-adhesive.

Medial Lobe

Prominence on midline of upper lip.

Line of Closure

Five arcs; "hunting bow."

Mouth Restoration

•Support for lips when part or all the teeth are missing.

• Filler

• Mouth former

Swollen Lips — Treatments

Electric spatula; channeling; chemical injection; aspiration; incising; surgical reduction.

electric spatula

An electrically-heated blade used to dry moist tissues, reduce swollen tissues, and restore contour to natural form.

channeling

Creation of dermal and subdermal passageway, through a single entry point in the tissues, in order to allow for the removal of watery fluids and gasses.

Eye — Proportions

Width = 1/5 face; ½ mouth; width of nose.

Eye Placement

Centered in orbit; inferior to supraorbital margin (red); medial canthi align with nasal wings (blue); vertical plane = mouth ends (celeste)

Eye Parts

Canthi (medial/lateral); cilia (eyelashes); supercilium (eyebrows)

Superior Palpebrum (Left and Right)

•Approximately 3x larger than inferior.

•Slightly wider than inferior.

•Greater projection than inferior.

•When naturally closed, it covers the cornea.

Line of closure

•Palpebrae adjacent but not overlapping.

•2/3 to 1/3 relationship

Eye Restorations

Sunken eyes; swollen eyelids; discoloration; wrinkled/lacerated eyelids; protrusion; separated lids; dehydrated canthus; enucleation care.

Modeling

Constructing a form with pliable material such as wax or clay.

Lip Wax

Soft, tinted, most adhesive; used on mucous membranes and lip separation.

Soft Wax

Very pliable; less adhesive; for razor burns, abrasions, suture incisions, punctures.

Medium Wax

Restorative wax; softer than firm; adheres well; holds shape.

Firm Wax

Most dense; putty-like; fills large cavities; wound filler; used for modeling features.

Coloring Wax

Under-wax (liquid, spray, water-base); mixed with wax (liquid/cream); over-wax (most common).

Softening Wax

Kneading; adding cream cosmetics; petroleum jelly; warm water; blow-dryer.

Firming Wax

Refrigeration; add cornstarch or talcum/pigment powder.

Other Modeling Media

Clay, latex, silicone, plaster of Paris, cotton, collodion.

Prerequisites for Wax Restoration

Firm, dry tissue; moist/unembalmed tissue prevents adhesion.

Firming Tissue Methods

Hypodermic injection; cavity-fluid compress.

Modeling Techniques

Correct feature location/size/form; profile consideration; distance viewing; work in stages; use correct measurements.

Pores

Smooth = negative appearance; poorly simulated = major fault.

Simulating Pores

Stipple brush; moist paper towel; lintless gauze.

Wrinkles/Furrows

Made with blunt instruments, ligature, or thin plastic.

Classification of Cases Requiring Restorative Art

Injury; Disease; Post-mortem tissue changes; Post-embalming changes; Natural age progression.

Incision

A clean cut into tissue or skin.

Discoloration

Any abnormal color in or on the body; may be removed by arterial injection; includes livor mortis (intravascular red-blue due to hypostasis).

Stain

Discoloration caused by external/foreign matter.

Bleaching

Act of lightening a discoloration using chemical bleaching agents.

what are surface Stain Removers?

Agents that remove or lessen external discolorations; includes mortuary solvents, cavity fluid, phenol & alcohol, preservative gel, special bleaching fluid.

First-Degree Burn

Redness of skin caused by heat.

Second-Degree Burn

Acute inflammation and blisters.

Third-Degree Burn

Destruction of cutaneous + subcutaneous tissues; seared/charred tissue.

Fourth-Degree Burn

Total absence of tissue; not appropriate for reconstruction.

Excising

Removal of tissue by cutting; performed pre-embalming or post-embalming.

Decapitation Types

Complete; Partial; Internal (skull base separated from spine).

Decapitation Reattachment (checklist)

Use wood splints/metal rods/spinal canal/foramen magnum; suture; apply mastic, cotton, sealer; wax; cosmetics.

Distention

Abnormal swelling caused by embalming, decomposition, trauma, or pathology.

Types of Distention

Liquid, Solid, Semi-solid, Gaseous.

Distention Treatments

External pressure; wet compress; collar; aspiration; channeling; incisions.

Desquamation (Skin Slip)

Separation of epidermis from dermis.

Causes Before Death (desquamation)

Excess heat/cold, radioactive agents, chemicals, kidney failure, edema.

Causes After Death (desquamation)

Decomposition

After Embalming Causes (desquamation)

Weak solution, inadequate volume/distribution.

Simple (Closed) Fracture

Bone broken but does not pierce skin.

Compound (Open) Fracture

Bone pierces the skin; always requires treatment.

Fracture Treatment – Simple

May require before & after embalming restoration.

Fracture Treatment – Compound

Attention needed for jagged bone, leakage, distorted features, vascular disruption, trauma.

Hair Restoration – Preparation

Trim; shampoo; rinse; style; correct direction/density.

where can you get hair from?

Endogenous, hairpieces, salons, camel-hair brush bristles.

Attachment Methods (hair)

Imbedding (wax, needle fork), cementing (adhesive), or covering (scarf, hat, bandage, etc.).

Facial Hair Areas

Sideburns, eyebrows, eyelashes, moustache, beard.

Equipment (Hypodermic Tissue Building)

Syringe (various types/sizes; Luer-Lok), needles (5/4–3 in; 16–24 gauge; beveled)

Cautions (hypodermic tissue building)

Always post-embalming; avoid altering expression; better too little than too much.

technique (hypodermic tissue building)

Concealed site; inject while withdrawing; radiate needle; compress; assess.

Common Points of Entry (tissue building)

Eyes, temples, nose, cheeks, lips, ears, forehead, neck, hands.

Cranial Autopsy Treatment

Brain preparation; fill cavity with putty-material, embalming powder, cotton.

Ligature Types

Waxed or unwaxed.

Needle Types

Postmortem double-curved; 3/8 curved; half curved; back curved.

Type of suture and ligature is determined by

• Location of the wound

• Size of the wound

• Purpose of the suture

Baseball Stitch

Strong closure; made from beneath; tighten after each stitch.

Draw Stitch

Draws incision edges together; ligature exposed.