SNC2D1: Biology Flashcards

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Biology

10th

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40 Terms

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Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the smallest functioning unit of living organisms
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
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Reasons for cell division
Growth, Repair, Reproduction
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Stages of the cell cycle
Interphase: G1, S, G2. Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. Cytokinesis
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What is interphase
The longest stage of the cell cycle, 90% of the cell's life is spend in this phase
Divided into three parts: G1 (First Gap Phase), S (Synthesis Phase), and G2 (Second Gap Phase)
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What is first gap phase?
Cells grow in size and new organelles and proteins are created
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What is the synthesis phase?
DNA (Chromatin) is replicated
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What is the second gap phase?
Cells prepare for mitosis and cell division
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What are chromosomes
Hereditary information contained in then nucleus, humans have 23 pairs. Composed of DNA and proteins. When the cell divides the daughter cells get the same chromosomes
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What is Mitosis.
The process of dividing the cell into two identical daughter cells.
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What are the four stages of Mitosis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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What happens in prophase?
Chromatin condense to form sister chromatids
Centrioles move to the polls
Nuclear membrane breaks down
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What happens during metaphase?
Spindle fibres attach to centromere (middle of sister chromatids)
Chromatids line up in the middle of the cell (metaphase plate)
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What happens during anaphase?
The spindle fibres shorten, pulling the chromatins to the opposite poles as the centromere and the chromatids spli.
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What happens during telophase?
The spindle fibres dissapear, chromatins untangle and form chromosomes
Nuclear membrane reappears around DNA groups
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What is cytokinesis
The phase where the cell splits.
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What happens during cytokinesis
The cell membrane pinches inwards, cytoplasm splits in half and the daughter cells return to interphase.
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Plant Cell Division
Creates a cell plate, which forms in the middle of the cells and splits the cell.
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Animal cell division
Creates a cleavage furrow, which pinches the middle and splits the cell.
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Cell Death
Go Phase. Two types of death: Necrosis and Apoptosis.
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What is Necrosis
The death of a cell caused by external factors (toxins, infections, trauma)
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What is Apoptosis
Programmed Death, Cell Suicide/
Controlled death of old, damaged or unneeded cells
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Cancer
Caused by genetic mutations which cause cells to change and start to undergo uncontrolled and abnormal mitosis.
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Unique properties of Cancer cells
Do not stop reproducing
Act independently from other cells, don't form organs
Move around body, don't self-destruct
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What is the Cell Theory
1. All cells come from other cells
2. All living things are made out of cells
3. The cell is the smallest unit of life
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What is the Nucleus
Plants and Animals
- Communicates with the cell
- Contains the cell's DNA
- Produces ribosomes
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Vacuoles
Plants and Animals*
- Stores nutrients, food and water
*Many small in animals, one big in plants
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Vesicles
Plants and Animals
- Allows for movement of substances in the cellRou
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plants and Animals
- Ribosomes create rough texture on surface
- Transports proteins throughout the cell
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plants and Animals
- Produces lipids and steroids
- Breaks down drugs and toxins
- Manages storage and release of calcium
- Carbs metabolism
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Ribosomes
Plants and Animals
- Found floating or on RER.
- Builds proteins
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Cytoskeleton
Plants and Animals
- Network of fibres
- Provides structure to the cell
- Allows for movement of organelles
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Cell Wall
PLANTS
- On exterior the the cell membrane
- Strong, provides support for the plant cell
- Allows plants to grow at great heights
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Cell Membrane
Plants and Animals
- Protects cell from surroundings
- Selectively permeable
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Cytoplasm
Plants and Animals
- Gelatinous substance
- Supports organelles
- Contains nutrients
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Mitochondria
Plants and Animals
- Site of cellular respiration
- Breaks down glucose, creates ATP
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Lysosomes
ANIMALS
- Digestive enzyme used for digestion, fighting diseases and cell suicide
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Golgi Apparatus
Plants and Animals
- Changes, stores and transports proteins from RER and lipids from SER
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Chloroplasts
PLANTS
- Location of photosynthesis
- Contains chlorophyll, causes green colour in plants
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Centrioles
ANIMALS
- Paired structures involved with cell division
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