The longest stage of the cell cycle, 90% of the cell's life is spend in this phase Divided into three parts: G1 (First Gap Phase), S (Synthesis Phase), and G2 (Second Gap Phase)
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What is first gap phase?
Cells grow in size and new organelles and proteins are created
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What is the synthesis phase?
DNA (Chromatin) is replicated
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What is the second gap phase?
Cells prepare for mitosis and cell division
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What are chromosomes
Hereditary information contained in then nucleus, humans have 23 pairs. Composed of DNA and proteins. When the cell divides the daughter cells get the same chromosomes
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What is Mitosis.
The process of dividing the cell into two identical daughter cells.
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What are the four stages of Mitosis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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What happens in prophase?
Chromatin condense to form sister chromatids Centrioles move to the polls Nuclear membrane breaks down
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What happens during metaphase?
Spindle fibres attach to centromere (middle of sister chromatids) Chromatids line up in the middle of the cell (metaphase plate)
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What happens during anaphase?
The spindle fibres shorten, pulling the chromatins to the opposite poles as the centromere and the chromatids spli.
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What happens during telophase?
The spindle fibres dissapear, chromatins untangle and form chromosomes Nuclear membrane reappears around DNA groups
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What is cytokinesis
The phase where the cell splits.
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What happens during cytokinesis
The cell membrane pinches inwards, cytoplasm splits in half and the daughter cells return to interphase.
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Plant Cell Division
Creates a cell plate, which forms in the middle of the cells and splits the cell.
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Animal cell division
Creates a cleavage furrow, which pinches the middle and splits the cell.
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Cell Death
Go Phase. Two types of death: Necrosis and Apoptosis.
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What is Necrosis
The death of a cell caused by external factors (toxins, infections, trauma)
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What is Apoptosis
Programmed Death, Cell Suicide/ Controlled death of old, damaged or unneeded cells
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Cancer
Caused by genetic mutations which cause cells to change and start to undergo uncontrolled and abnormal mitosis.
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Unique properties of Cancer cells
Do not stop reproducing Act independently from other cells, don't form organs Move around body, don't self-destruct
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What is the Cell Theory
1. All cells come from other cells 2. All living things are made out of cells 3. The cell is the smallest unit of life
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What is the Nucleus
Plants and Animals - Communicates with the cell - Contains the cell's DNA - Produces ribosomes
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Vacuoles
Plants and Animals* - Stores nutrients, food and water *Many small in animals, one big in plants
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Vesicles
Plants and Animals - Allows for movement of substances in the cellRou
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plants and Animals - Ribosomes create rough texture on surface - Transports proteins throughout the cell
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plants and Animals - Produces lipids and steroids - Breaks down drugs and toxins - Manages storage and release of calcium - Carbs metabolism
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Ribosomes
Plants and Animals - Found floating or on RER. - Builds proteins
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Cytoskeleton
Plants and Animals - Network of fibres - Provides structure to the cell - Allows for movement of organelles
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Cell Wall
PLANTS - On exterior the the cell membrane - Strong, provides support for the plant cell - Allows plants to grow at great heights
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Cell Membrane
Plants and Animals - Protects cell from surroundings - Selectively permeable