Theme 1 HGGSP dates et stats

Ocean

70,8% du globe, 361 millions de km2, a vast expanse of unbroken salt water, encircling continents and archipelagos

Space

Outer space, which corresponds to the void between Earth's atmosphere and the stars. Karman Line, 100 km above sea level

Final Frontiers

Knowledge remains incomplete; for example, only 5% of the ocean floor has been mapped and explored, and space remains largely inaccessible without advanced technology, making them the "final frontiers" for humanity.

Treaty on Common Space Law

1967

FR/USSR Agreement on Scientific Cooperation

1966

the USSR abandons construction of Mir

1993

agreement on the ISS with the USA, Russia, the EU, Canada, and Japan

1998

ISS operational

2000

ISS stats

110 m long, 400 km altitude, 28,000 km/h

Research tool

Columbus module = SVT, astronaut power supply, Kibo module

Mixed results:

$160 billion, high cost, fewer discoveries than expected → 2018 Trump stops funding for 2024

Wolf amendment

2011

China space 1956-86

Mao 1949

Bandung 1955

Creation of the 5th National Defense Academy in 1956

1970 = 1st satellite → "the East is red"

Propaganda + Mao cult

China space 1986-2016

Program 863: OBJ = manned flights + space station Shenzhou = Soyuz → USSR aid 2003 → Shenzhou 5 → 3rd man in space 2011 → Tiangong 1 = space station

China space 2016 —>

White Paper → Moon = 2019 moon landing on the far side of the moon. 2030 = lunar base. Mars = rover 2021 (2nd) and planning for a crew 2045-49 → 1st?

China and oceans 1956-86

Weak navy

1974: Paracel Islands

Deng Xiaoping → 4 modernizations = increased budget

OBJ = protect nearby seas, compete with the USA, openness to globalization

China and oceans 1986-2016

Navy modernization: 100,000 tons in 1986, 647,000 tons in 2008, 1,200,000 tons in 2016 = 2nd largest navy in the world

1980 → Spratly for hydrocarbons. Claim of the nine-dash line → on maps since 1940

China and oceans 2016—>

Xi Jinping → 2015 = aircraft carrier

Construction in the South China Sea → military installations, ports, and land reclamation

2021 = 355 ships, 400 in 2025

Incomplete chinese power

• Taiwan → Semiconductor

• Perceived Chinese Imperialism

• Soft Power // Dictatorship

• Economy in Decline Since 2010 → Projects?