Chapter 7

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15 Terms

1
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What are the three basic principles that apply to all senses?

  1. No one-to-one correspondence between physical and psychological reality. 2. Sensation and perception are active, not passive. 3. Sensation and perception are adaptive.

2
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What is transduction in sensory systems?

The process by which sensory receptors respond to environmental stimuli and generate action potentials in adjacent sensory neurons.

3
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Define absolute threshold.

The minimum amount of physical energy (stimulation) needed for an observer to notice a stimulus.

4
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What does Weber's law state?

That for two stimuli to be perceived as differing in intensity, the second must differ from the first by a constant proportion.

5
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What is sensory adaptation?

The tendency of sensory systems to respond less to stimuli that continue without change.

6
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What role do rods and cones play in vision?

Rods are sensitive to light, allowing vision in dim light; cones are sensitive to particular wavelengths, producing color perception.

7
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What are the two processing streams for visual information?

The 'what' pathway (determining what an object is) and the 'where' pathway (locating an object in space).

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What is the difference between bottom-up processing and top-down processing?

Bottom-up processing begins with raw sensory data feeding up to the brain, while top-down processing starts with the observer's expectations and knowledge.

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How do sound waves relate to pitch and loudness?

Frequency (in hertz) corresponds to pitch, while amplitude (in decibels) corresponds to loudness.

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What is the function of the olfactory nerve?

It transmits information about smell from the olfactory receptor cells to the brain.

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What does the gate-control theory explain?

It explains how the central nervous system regulates the experience of pain.

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What is perceptual constancy?

The organization of changing sensations into percepts that are relatively stable in size, shape, and color.

13
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What is the significance of feature detectors in perception?

They are specialized cells in the cortex that respond only to specific patterns or orientations of stimulation.

14
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What is subliminal perception?

The tendency to perceive information outside our conscious awareness.

15
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What is the principle of figure-ground perception?

It is a fundamental rule that states people tend to differentiate between an object (figure) and its background (ground).