Science tri 3- hon. Science erosion and weathering

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108 Terms

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Rock Cycle

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igneous rock

rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies

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Extrusive

fine-grained igneous rock that forms when magma cools quickly at or near Earth's surface

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Instrusive

igneous rock that has large crystals and formed when melted inside the Earth's surface. Rock cools slowly and hardens

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Microscopic grains

Grains not visible to the eye, extrusive

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Fine grains

Sand sized 0.5mm, extrusive or intrusive

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Coarse grains

Larger than sand >2mm, intrusive

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Felsic, Microscopic Grain

Pumice

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Felsic, Fine Grain

Rhyolite

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Felsic, Coarse Grain

Granite

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Andesitic, Microscopic Grain

Obsidian

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Andesitic, Fine Grain

Andesite

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Andesitic, Coarse Grain

Diorite

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Mafic, Microscopic Grain

Scoria

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Mafic, Fine Grain

Basalt

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Mafic, Coarse grain

Gabbro

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mafic magma

Dark color, low viscosity, Shield cone volcano

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andesitic magma

Medium or mixed color, mix of low & high viscosity, Composite volcano

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felsic magma

Light colored, high viscosity, Cinder cone volcano

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phaneritic texture

igneous rock texture in which minerals are easily visible without magnification

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aphanitic texture

A texture of igneous rocks in which the crystals are too small for individual minerals to be distinguished.

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porphyritic texture

An igneous rock texture in which large crystals are scattered on a background of much smaller crystals.

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glassy texture

A texture formed when a rock cools so fast it doesn't have time to crystallize

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pyroclastic texture

produced from debris of explosive eruption, has many air bubble canals

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pegmatitic texture

a texture of igneous rocks in which the interlocking crystals are all larger than one centimeter in diameter

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Laccolith

Relatively small, mushroom-shaped pluton that forms when magma intrudes into parallel rock layers close to Earth's surface.

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Batholith

A mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cools inside the crust

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Magma structures

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volcanic neck

solid igneous core of a volcano left behind after the softer cone has been eroded

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xenolith

a piece of rock within an igneous rock that is not derived from the original magma but has been introduced from elsewhere, especially the surrounding country rock.

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Dike

Vertical igneous structure

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Sill

Horizontal-ish igneous structure

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intrusion

Igneous rock formed from magma flowing into existing rock

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Aa

Blocky slow moving lava

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Pahoehoe

A hot, fast-moving type of lava that hardens to form smooth, ropelike coils

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shield volcano

Flatter, mafic lava, composed of mainly Iron & Magnesium. Ex. Hawaii

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cinder cone volcano

Short & steep, felsic lava, composed of mainly potassium, calcium, and sodium, pyroclastic flow with tephra

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Tephra

bits of rock or solidified lava dropped from the air during an explosive volcanic eruption; ranges in size from volcanic ash to volcanic bombs and blocks

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composite volcano (stratovolcano)

Tall & steep, andesitic lava, erupts alternately lava and tephra.

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Richter scale

Ranks earthquakes based on ground movement, each increase in whole number is 10x the ground movement (logarithmic)

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Richter scale effects

0-2 Not felt

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2-3 Little felt

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3-4 Ceiling lights swing

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4-5 Walls Crack

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5-6 Furniture moves

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6-7* Some buildings collapse

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7-8 Many buildings destroyed

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8< Total destruction

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movement magnitude scale

A scale that rates earthquakes by estimating the total energy released by an earthquake

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Modified Mercalli Scale

a 12 point scale developed to evaluate earthquake intensity based on the amount of damage to various structures

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Earthquake

Shaking of the earths crust from the release of energy

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elastic rebound theory

The theory that continuing stress along a fault results in a buildup of elastic energy in the rocks, which is abruptly released when an earthquake occurs.

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Fault

Surface that a rock breaks and moves along

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focus

point inside the earth where the energy for an EQ is released

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Epicenter

the point directly above the focus on the earth's surface

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seismic waves

vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released from the focus during an earthquake

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P waves (Primary waves)

travel through liquids, gases, and solids, pushes and pulls, faster, fastest waves

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S waves (secondary waves)

travel through solids only; cause rock to move in a side-to-side or up & down motion, slower waves

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L waves (surface waves)

travels slowest, most wide reaching, very destructive cause it travels on the surface and can move up/down, rolling motion

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Subduction

The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary.

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ocean trench

Deep valley in the ocean floor that forms along a subduction zone

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island arc

A string of volcanoes that form as the result of subduction of one oceanic plate beneath a second oceanic plate.

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James Huttton

1790, first one to theorize a "dynamic" earth

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Alfred Wegener

1920, proposed theory of continental drift. Theorized a supercontinent, Pangea, in the distant past

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Henry Hess

discovered seafloor spreading through the abnormal young igneous rocks on the ocean floor and offered it as an explanation for mid-ocean ridges

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Allan Cox and Brent Dalrymple

Discovered the flipping of Earth's magnetic poles through the cooling of rocks

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Fredrick Vine and Drummond Matthews

Used the magnetic patterns on the sea floor as proof for seafloor spreading

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divergent boundary

The boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other, O-O or C-C, forms mafic rocks, shallow EQs, makes normal faults

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transform boundary

A plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions, O-O O-C C-C, Offset features, strike slip faults, shallow EQs

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strike-slip fault

occurs at transform boundaries

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normal fault

occurs at divergent boundaries

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reverse fault

occurs at convergent boundaries

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Hot Spots

places where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere, middle of a plate

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Convergent Oceanic-Continental

Forms a trench, can cause shallow medium deep earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains.

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convergent oceanic-oceanic

Features: Trenches, volcanoes, shallow medium deep earthquakes, volcanic island arcs

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Convergent Continental-Continental

Forms folded mountains shallow medium deep earthquakes.

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Weathering

The breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface.

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mechanical weathering

the breakdown of rock into smaller pieces by physical means

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chemical weathering

The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes

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Four most prominent forces of erosion

Wind, Water, Glaciers, & Gravity

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mass wasting

the downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity

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Landslide

a slide of a large mass of dirt and rock down a mountain or cliff

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Mudflow

the flow of a mass of mud or rock and soil mixed with a large amount of water

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Slump

A type of mass movement that occurs when a mass of material moves down a curved slope

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Creep

the slow downhill movement of weathered rock material

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Delta

a low triangular area where a river divides before entering a larger body of water

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Alluvial Fan

a fan-shaped mass of material deposited by a stream when the slope of the land decreases sharply

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dissolved load

Dissolved material in water

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suspended load

The load contains small rocks and soil in suspension, which can make the river look muddy.

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bed load

sand, pebbles, and boulders that are moved along the bed of a stream and that are too heavy to be carried in suspension

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Fossil

The preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past

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Mold fossil

a space in a rock that has the shape of the remains of a living thing that once occupied that space.

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Cast fossil

a model in the shape of a living thing or its remains, it forms when minerals or rock particles fill the space

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trace fossil

the preserved evidence of the activity of an organism

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Preserved remains

remains of organisms in tar, amber, or ice

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mineral replacement

Fossils that preserve the structure of the original organically produced matter without actually preserving any of the original matter

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carbon film

a type of fossil consisting of an extremely thin coating of carbon on rock

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Index fossil

a fossil known to have lived in a short particular geologic age that can be used to date the rock layer in which it is found

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Stratigraphy

the branch of geology concerned with the order and relative position of strata and their relationship to the geological time scale.

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Law of Superposition

The top rock layer and its fossils is the youngest and the bottom is the oldest.