glencoe world history chpt. 17 1st edition

age of enlightenment

geocentric

earth-centered

Ptolemaic system

the geocentric model of the universe that prevailed in the Middle Ages; named after the astronomer Ptolemy, who lived in Alexandria during the second century

Nicholas Copernicus

A mathematician who discovered the heliocentric conception of the solar system

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

written by Nicholas Copernicus discussing his opinions on our solar system.

heliocentric

sun-centered

Johannes Kepler

realized the sun WAS at the center of the solar system, developed laws of planetary motion, including the belief that the orbits were elliptical (egg-shaped)

Ptolemy

discovered the geocentric conception of the solar system

Galileo Galilei

used a telescope to discover many things about the solar system; tried for heresy by the Catholic church because his beliefs contradicted the Bible. Also suggested that heavenly bodies were composed of material substance.

Sir Isaac Newton

defined the three laws of motion that govern the planetary bodies; discovered gravity; one law could explain all motion in the universe. Considered the greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution.

universal law of gravitation

one of the three rules of motion governing the planetary bodies set forth by Sir Isaac Newton in his Principia; it explains that planetary bodies do not go off in straight lines but instead continue in elliptical orbits about the sun because every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity. Showed how one law could explain all motion in the universe.

William Harvey

wrote "On the Motion of the Heart and Blood"; showed that the heart, not the liver, was the beginning point for the circulation of blood in the body; blood flows through both veins and arteries; blood makes a complete circuit as it passes through the body

Robert Boyle

one of the first scientists to conduct controlled experiments

Boyle's Law

the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it.

Margaret Cavendish

wrote "Observations Upon Experimental Psychology"; states that we do not have complete power over the universe

Maria Winkelmann

most famous female astronomer; discovery of a comet

Rene Descartes

believed in one absolute truth, his own existence - " I think, therefore I am". He wrote "Discourse on Methods"; (grounding religious belief in human understanding); separation of mind and matter; father of modern rationalism

rationalism

a system of thought expounded by Rene Descartes based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

Scientific Method

a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world

Francis Bacon

Created Scientific Method; Philosopher that believed that instead of relying on the ideas of ancient authorities, scientists should use inductive reasoning to learn about nature; believed that man could use science to increase his control and power over nature to benefit industry, agriculture, and trade

inductive reasoning

the doctrine that scientists should proceed from the particular to the general by making systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses or theories, a process that will lead to correct general principles

Enlightenment

eighteenth century philosophical movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the achievements of the Scientific Revolution.

John Locke

wrote "Essay Concerning Human Understanding"; everyone is born with a blank mind; theory of knowledge;

philosophe

French for "philosopher"; applied to all intellectuals--i.e. writers, journalists, economists, and social reformers-during the Enlightenment

Montesquieu

"The Spirit of the Laws"; tried to use scientific method to find natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings; identified 3 types of governments: republics, despotism, and monarchies; invented separation of powers (checks and balances), which was used in the US Constitution.

separation of powers

a form of government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances

Voltaire

well-known for criticism of Christianity and religious toleration; greatest figure of the Enlightenment; writer; "Treatise on Toleration"..."all men are brothers under God."; deism...God had created the universe...universe was like a clock, and God the clockmaker

deism

an eighteenth-century religious philosophy based on the idea that God lets the universe run by reason and natural laws

Diderot

went to University of Paris; freelance writer; greatest contribution to the Enlightenment was "Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades"...purpose was to change the general way of thinking. Attached religious superstition and advocated for religious toleration.

Adam Smith

he and the Physiocrats founded the modern social science of economics; wrote "The Wealth of Nations"; state should not interfere in economic matters; 3 basic roles in government: protecting society from invasion (army), defending citizens from injustice (the police); and keeping up certain public works that private individuals could not afford

Natural Economic Laws

Interests of the Physiocrats and Adam Smith

laissez-faire

literally, "let the people do what they want," the concept that the state should NOT impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

wrote "The Social Contract"...he believed liberty is achieved by following what is best for the "general will" of the governed because the general will represents what is best for the community, a balance of heart and mind, and education fostering natural instincts...some individual liberty is sacrificed for the well being of the whole.

Mary Wollstonecraft

founder of the modern European and American movement for women's rights

salon

the elegant drawing rooms of great urban houses where, in the eighteenth century, writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes, helping to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment...often the responsibility of the gatherings belonged to women

John Wesley

Anglican minister; leader of the Methodism movement

rococo

New, graceful, enthusiastic artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grade, charm, and gentle action

Bach

a renowned organist and composer; one of the greatest composers of all time; wrote baroque

George Frederick Handel

German ...composed "Messiah"; wrote baroque

Mozart

child prodigy; "The Marriage of Figaro," "The Magic Flute," "Don Giovanni"...three of the world's greatest operas; wrote classical

Messiah

Handel's best known religious work

Diplomatic Revolution

Alliance of France, Austria, and Russia

enlightened absolutism

Monarchical rule by Enlightenment principles. A system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers (ultimately failing in the end)

Frederick the Great

one of the best educated and most cultured monarchs in the eighteenth century; enlarged Prussian army; abolished use of torture; granted limited freedom of speech and press and religious tolerance; invaded Austrian Silesia

Prussia

country with few freedoms..very loyal to the bureaucracy

Austria

a sprawling empire composed of many different nationalities, languages, religions, and cultures

Maria Theresa

Traditional Austrian empress, worked to centralize the Austrian Empire and strengthen the power of the state; heir to the Austrian throne after her father, Charles VI, died

Joseph II

Maria Theresa's son, who made a reform system that failed

Russia

under Catherine the Great, it expanded

Catherine the Great

ruler of Russia; favored enlightened reforms, but favored the nobility to keep power, expanded serfdom (which led to rebellion from the peasants), and enlarged the Russian Empire.

War of Austria Succession

Prussia invaded Austria when Maria Theresa became the new Empress of Austria. Prussia wanted to regain Silesia.

18th Century Monarchs

To keep a balance of power these leaders wanted; larger armies, expand their territory, and prevent domination by one state.

Seven Years' War

Worldwide war; Austria accepted Prussia's rule of Silesia, French withdrew and left India to the British with the Treaty of Paris (which also caused the French to transfer lands east of the Mississippi to England...Spain gave Spanish Florida to the British...French gave their Louisiana Territory to the Spanish)...Great Britain was now the world's greatest colonial power

Latin America

multiracial society including parts of North America, Central America, and most of South America.

mestizo

a person of mixed European and native American Indian descent

mulatto

a person of mixed African and European descent

France

1st country to grant diplomatic recognition to the new American state

Declaration of Independence

Announced natural rights of humans, focused on equality. It was approved by the Second Continental Congress.

Federal System

Sharing of power between national and state governments.

Christianizing

Major intent of the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors

Constitution of the USA

created a federal system in which power would be shared between the national government and the state governments. Divided the Federal Government into 3 branches; judicial, executive, and legislative

Articles of Confederation

America's first constitution. Gave the Federal Government too little power.

Treaty of Paris 1763

made Great Britain the world's greatest colonial power

Stamp Act

British tax on certain printed materials

United Kingdom

Union of Scotland and England in 1707.

Treaty of Paris 1783

Agreement at the end of the American Revolution. Granted the US the western territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River