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geocentric
earth-centered
Ptolemaic system
the geocentric model of the universe that prevailed in the Middle Ages; named after the astronomer Ptolemy, who lived in Alexandria during the second century
Nicholas Copernicus
A mathematician who discovered the heliocentric conception of the solar system
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
written by Nicholas Copernicus discussing his opinions on our solar system.
heliocentric
sun-centered
Johannes Kepler
realized the sun WAS at the center of the solar system, developed laws of planetary motion, including the belief that the orbits were elliptical (egg-shaped)
Ptolemy
discovered the geocentric conception of the solar system
Galileo Galilei
used a telescope to discover many things about the solar system; tried for heresy by the Catholic church because his beliefs contradicted the Bible. Also suggested that heavenly bodies were composed of material substance.
Sir Isaac Newton
defined the three laws of motion that govern the planetary bodies; discovered gravity; one law could explain all motion in the universe. Considered the greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution.
universal law of gravitation
one of the three rules of motion governing the planetary bodies set forth by Sir Isaac Newton in his Principia; it explains that planetary bodies do not go off in straight lines but instead continue in elliptical orbits about the sun because every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity. Showed how one law could explain all motion in the universe.
William Harvey
wrote "On the Motion of the Heart and Blood"; showed that the heart, not the liver, was the beginning point for the circulation of blood in the body; blood flows through both veins and arteries; blood makes a complete circuit as it passes through the body
Robert Boyle
one of the first scientists to conduct controlled experiments
Boyle's Law
the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it.
Margaret Cavendish
wrote "Observations Upon Experimental Psychology"; states that we do not have complete power over the universe
Maria Winkelmann
most famous female astronomer; discovery of a comet
Rene Descartes
believed in one absolute truth, his own existence - " I think, therefore I am". He wrote "Discourse on Methods"; (grounding religious belief in human understanding); separation of mind and matter; father of modern rationalism
rationalism
a system of thought expounded by Rene Descartes based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge
Scientific Method
a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world
Francis Bacon
Created Scientific Method; Philosopher that believed that instead of relying on the ideas of ancient authorities, scientists should use inductive reasoning to learn about nature; believed that man could use science to increase his control and power over nature to benefit industry, agriculture, and trade
inductive reasoning
the doctrine that scientists should proceed from the particular to the general by making systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses or theories, a process that will lead to correct general principles
Enlightenment
eighteenth century philosophical movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the achievements of the Scientific Revolution.
John Locke
wrote "Essay Concerning Human Understanding"; everyone is born with a blank mind; theory of knowledge;
philosophe
French for "philosopher"; applied to all intellectuals--i.e. writers, journalists, economists, and social reformers-during the Enlightenment
Montesquieu
"The Spirit of the Laws"; tried to use scientific method to find natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings; identified 3 types of governments: republics, despotism, and monarchies; invented separation of powers (checks and balances), which was used in the US Constitution.
separation of powers
a form of government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances
Voltaire
well-known for criticism of Christianity and religious toleration; greatest figure of the Enlightenment; writer; "Treatise on Toleration"..."all men are brothers under God."; deism...God had created the universe...universe was like a clock, and God the clockmaker
deism
an eighteenth-century religious philosophy based on the idea that God lets the universe run by reason and natural laws
Diderot
went to University of Paris; freelance writer; greatest contribution to the Enlightenment was "Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades"...purpose was to change the general way of thinking. Attached religious superstition and advocated for religious toleration.
Adam Smith
he and the Physiocrats founded the modern social science of economics; wrote "The Wealth of Nations"; state should not interfere in economic matters; 3 basic roles in government: protecting society from invasion (army), defending citizens from injustice (the police); and keeping up certain public works that private individuals could not afford
Natural Economic Laws
Interests of the Physiocrats and Adam Smith
laissez-faire
literally, "let the people do what they want," the concept that the state should NOT impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
wrote "The Social Contract"...he believed liberty is achieved by following what is best for the "general will" of the governed because the general will represents what is best for the community, a balance of heart and mind, and education fostering natural instincts...some individual liberty is sacrificed for the well being of the whole.
Mary Wollstonecraft
founder of the modern European and American movement for women's rights
salon
the elegant drawing rooms of great urban houses where, in the eighteenth century, writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes, helping to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment...often the responsibility of the gatherings belonged to women
John Wesley
Anglican minister; leader of the Methodism movement
rococo
New, graceful, enthusiastic artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grade, charm, and gentle action
Bach
a renowned organist and composer; one of the greatest composers of all time; wrote baroque
George Frederick Handel
German ...composed "Messiah"; wrote baroque
Mozart
child prodigy; "The Marriage of Figaro," "The Magic Flute," "Don Giovanni"...three of the world's greatest operas; wrote classical
Messiah
Handel's best known religious work
Diplomatic Revolution
Alliance of France, Austria, and Russia
enlightened absolutism
Monarchical rule by Enlightenment principles. A system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers (ultimately failing in the end)
Frederick the Great
one of the best educated and most cultured monarchs in the eighteenth century; enlarged Prussian army; abolished use of torture; granted limited freedom of speech and press and religious tolerance; invaded Austrian Silesia
Prussia
country with few freedoms..very loyal to the bureaucracy
Austria
a sprawling empire composed of many different nationalities, languages, religions, and cultures
Maria Theresa
Traditional Austrian empress, worked to centralize the Austrian Empire and strengthen the power of the state; heir to the Austrian throne after her father, Charles VI, died
Joseph II
Maria Theresa's son, who made a reform system that failed
Russia
under Catherine the Great, it expanded
Catherine the Great
ruler of Russia; favored enlightened reforms, but favored the nobility to keep power, expanded serfdom (which led to rebellion from the peasants), and enlarged the Russian Empire.
War of Austria Succession
Prussia invaded Austria when Maria Theresa became the new Empress of Austria. Prussia wanted to regain Silesia.
18th Century Monarchs
To keep a balance of power these leaders wanted; larger armies, expand their territory, and prevent domination by one state.
Seven Years' War
Worldwide war; Austria accepted Prussia's rule of Silesia, French withdrew and left India to the British with the Treaty of Paris (which also caused the French to transfer lands east of the Mississippi to England...Spain gave Spanish Florida to the British...French gave their Louisiana Territory to the Spanish)...Great Britain was now the world's greatest colonial power
Latin America
multiracial society including parts of North America, Central America, and most of South America.
mestizo
a person of mixed European and native American Indian descent
mulatto
a person of mixed African and European descent
France
1st country to grant diplomatic recognition to the new American state
Declaration of Independence
Announced natural rights of humans, focused on equality. It was approved by the Second Continental Congress.
Federal System
Sharing of power between national and state governments.
Christianizing
Major intent of the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors
Constitution of the USA
created a federal system in which power would be shared between the national government and the state governments. Divided the Federal Government into 3 branches; judicial, executive, and legislative
Articles of Confederation
America's first constitution. Gave the Federal Government too little power.
Treaty of Paris 1763
made Great Britain the world's greatest colonial power
Stamp Act
British tax on certain printed materials
United Kingdom
Union of Scotland and England in 1707.
Treaty of Paris 1783
Agreement at the end of the American Revolution. Granted the US the western territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River
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