(Old Stone Age) a long period of human development before the development of agriculture. Human societies sustained themselves with gathering, hunting, and fishing.
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Agricultural Revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering. This led to farming and Pastoral Society.
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Patriarchy
A social system of which women have been made subordinate to men in the family. Often developed of plow-based agriculture, intensive warfare, and private property.
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Hinduism
Religion based on the many beliefs and practices, sect, rituals and philosophies in India.
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Upanishads
Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.
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Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. His exposure to human suffering led him to develop a path to enlightment that became the basis for the religion.
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Theravada Buddhism
"Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine; emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.
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Mahayana Buddhism
"Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and to compassion and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism.
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Bhakti Movement
Means "worship" Hindu movement began in south India and moved Northward between 600 and 1300. Involved intense adoration of and identification with a particular deity through songs, prayers, rituals.
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Confucianism
The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.
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Han Dynasty
Chinese Dynasty emerged after the Qin Dynasty collapsed, establishing political & cultural patterns that lasted into the 20th century.
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Daoism
Chinese philosophy or popular religion that advocates a simple and unpretentious way of living and alignment with natural world, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.
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Judaism
A monotheistic religion developed in the middle east by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice.
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Saint Paul
early convert and missionary who helped popularize Christianity, especially among Gentils (non-Jews); also, the author of most of the New Testament
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Perpetua
Christian martyr (one who was killed for their beliefs) from Carthage. Educated and wealthy, she died being fed to leopards. She was an inspiration to early Christians.
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Muhammad
The prophet and founder of Islam whose religious revelations became the Quran, bringing a radically monotheistic religion to Arabia & around the world.
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Quran
the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
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Umma
The community of all believers in Islam, bound by common belief rather than territory language tribe.
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Ulama
Islamic Religious scholars, both Sunni and Shia who shaped transmitted the core teaching of Islamic civilization.
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Sharia
Islamic Law, dealing with political, economic, social, and religious life. Translates to "a path of water" which is considered the source of all life.
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Madrassas
Formal colleges for higher institutions in the teaching of Islam as well as in secular subjects founded throughout the Islamic world in beginning in the 11th century.
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Sufism
Saw the success of Islam as a distraction and deviation from purer spirituality. They wanted to achieve spiritual Union with Allah.
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Silk Roads
Land-based trade routes that linked many regions of Eurasia. They were named after the most famous product traded along these routes.
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Sea Roads
The world's largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 C.E. Centered on India, it stretched from southern China to eastern Africa.
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Sand Roads
A term used to describe the routes of the trans-Saharan trade in Africa.
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pastoral society
alternative kind of food-producing. emerged in the afro-Eurasian world where settled agriculture was difficult. People here led their animals to seasonal grazing grounds, rather than settling.
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Jesus of Nazareth
A peasant/artisan "wisdom teacher" and Jewish mystic (ca. 4 B.C.E.-29 C.E.) whose life, teachings, death, and alleged resurrection gave rise to the new religion of Christianity.