bioenergetics(photoS and respiration)

what is the equation for aerobic respiration?

glucose + oxygen —→ carbon dioxide + water

where is the site of aerobic respiration?

mitochondri

what is the energy supplied by respiration needed for?

-generating heat to keep warm

-movement

-making larger molecules eg. lipids, proteins, starch (anabolic reactions)

what is aerobic respiration?

a chemical process in which glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to make energy

what is metabolism?

the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism

what is anaerobic respiration?

Chemical process in which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen in the cytoplasm, inefficient as there’s an incomplete breakdown of glucose

what is the equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

glucose —→ lactic acid

what is the equation for anaerobic respiration in plants + yeast?

glucose —→ ethanol + carbon dioxide

what is the effect of lactic acid?

- heavy breathing to provide oxygen needed to break down lactic acid buildup

- fewer/weaker muscle contractions as less energy is being released

- muscle fatigue/ muscle cramps due to lactic acid buildup

what’s the oxygen debt?

the additional volume of oxygen needed to react with lactic acid to remove it from cells

what is the effect of excercise on respiration?

it causes a higher demand for energy so there’s an increased :

-heart rate

-breath volume

-breathing rate

So that more oxygenated blood is supplied at a higher rate to muscles however if there’s not enough oxygen anaerobic respiration takes place

in which organ is lactic acid converted to glucose?

the liver

is respiration endothermic or exothermic?

exothermic

define photosynthesis

the process by which plants use light energy from sunlight to synthesise nutrients from carbon dioxide and water

what are the three factors that affect photosynthesis?

-temperature

-light intensity

-carbon dioxide concentration

how do plants obtain the light energy for photosynthesis?

plants contain a green pigment called chlorophyll within the chloroplasts that capture light energy from sunlight

what happens to the rate of photosynthesis as you increase temperature?

The rate of photosynthesis will initially increase as temperature increases until the optimum temperature is reached(around 45 degrees celsius)

The rate will then decrease as the temperature increases further, this is because the enzymes involved will become denatured

how do you calculate the rate of photosynthesis?

by measuring the volume of oxygen gas produced by the plant, (counting the bubbles produced measuring the volume of gas by using a gas syringe)

what is inverse square law?

light intensity = 1/distance^²

how can limiting factors be controlled?

using a greenhouse to provide optimum conditions

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide+ water +(light energy) -—> glucose + oxygen

what happens to the rate of photosynthesis as you increase light intensity?

The rate of photosynthesis will increase as light intensity increases, the graph will then plateau/level out at the point where another limiting factor prevents any further increase in the rate of photosynthesis

what happens to the rate of photosynthesis as you increase carbon dioxide concentration?

The rate of photosynthesis will increase as carbon dioxide concentration increases, the graph will then plateau/level out at the point where another limiting factor prevents any further increase in the rate of photosynthesis

what are the uses of the glucose produced by photosynthesis in plants?

-used in respiration

-used to make cellulose for cell walls

-used to produce amino acids which are combined with nitrates to produce proteins

- Used to make lipids

- Converted to starch for storage