Nutrition Exam Review Flashcards

A comprehensive set of flashcards designed to aid in the study of nutrition concepts for an upcoming exam.

Fasting

A period of time during which a person refrains from eating food.

Starving

The state of suffering or death caused by a prolonged lack of food.

Ketones

Chemical compounds produced by the liver when fat is broken down for energy.

Basal Metabolism

The energy required to maintain basic physiological functions at rest.

Voluntary Actions

Actions that are under conscious control and can be modified to alter energy expenditure.

Genetics and Obesity

Genetics influences how the body consumes, stores, and expends energy.

Lipoprotein Lipase

An enzyme that helps metabolize fats in the body, which can vary between obese and lean individuals.

Ghrelin

A hormone produced in the stomach that stimulates appetite.

Leptin

A hormone that regulates energy balance by inhibiting hunger.

Bioavailability

The rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and utilized by the body.

Vitamin A Deficiency

A condition that can lead to visual impairment and other health issues, but does not cause rickets, which is due to vitamin D deficiency.

Beriberi

A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1).

Calcium

The most abundant mineral in the human body, essential for various physiological functions.

Iron Deficiency

The most common nutrient deficiency worldwide, often leading to anemia.

MCT Oil

Medium-chain triglyceride oil that does not require bile for digestion.

Lactose Intolerance

The inability to properly digest lactose, a sugar found in milk.

Acute Pancreatitis

An inflammation of the pancreas that can be triggered by high blood triglycerides.

Celiac Disease

An autoimmune disorder characterized by an abnormal immune response to gluten.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits.

Colostomy

A surgical procedure that involves rerouting the colon to an opening in the abdominal wall.

Hepatomegaly

An abnormal enlargement of the liver.

Gastric Banding

A weight-loss surgery procedure that involves placing a band around the upper part of the stomach.

Dumping Syndrome

A condition that can occur after gastric surgery, leading to rapid gastric emptying.

Dental Caries

Tooth decay caused by bacterial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates.

Xerostomia

Dry mouth, often a side effect of various medications.

Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing that occurs in the throat and is common in the elderly.

Gastritis

Inflammation of the stomach lining that may require dietary modifications.

Clinical Trials

Research studies that test how well new medical approaches work in people.

Cirrhosis

Severe scarring of the liver often caused by long-term liver damage.

Ascites

Fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity, often associated with liver disease.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

A long-term condition where the kidneys do not function effectively.

Erythropoietin

A hormone secreted by the kidneys that promotes the formation of red blood cells.

Nephrotic Syndrome

A kidney disorder that leads to heavy protein in urine, low protein levels in blood, and swelling.

Atherosclerosis

A condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries.

DASH Diet

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, designed to combat high blood pressure.

Myocardial Infarction

Another term for a heart attack, occurring when blood flow to the heart is blocked.

Diabetes Mellitus

A group of diseases that result in high blood sugar levels due to problems with insulin.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A serious complication of diabetes characterized by high blood sugar and ketones.

Polyuria

Excessive urination, often seen in diabetes.

Microalbuminuria

The presence of a small amount of albumin in the urine, an early sign of kidney damage.

Chronic Complications of Diabetes

Long-term health issues that can arise from poorly managed diabetes.

Cancer Cachexia

A syndrome that leads to severe muscle loss and body weight depletion in cancer patients.

Recurrence of Cancer

The return of cancer after treatment.

Opportunistic Infections

Infections that occur more frequently and are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Advanced Directives

Legal documents that allow individuals to outline their preferences for medical treatment.

Kaposi's Sarcoma

A type of cancer that often occurs in individuals with HIV/AIDS.

Megestrol Acetate

A medication used to enhance appetite and gain weight in patients, particularly those with cancer or HIV.

Durable Power of Attorney

A legal document that designates someone to make healthcare decisions on a person's behalf if they become incapable.

Kidney Stones

Solid masses that form from crystals in the urine; can be caused by concentrated urine.

Dialysis

A medical treatment that removes waste and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys cannot do so.

Sodium Restriction

Limiting sodium intake, often required in patients with heart failure or kidney issues.

Cancers and Nutrition

Certain dietary factors can increase or decrease the risk of developing cancers.

High-Fat Diets

Diets that are rich in fats, associated with higher cancer risk.

Radiation Enteritis

Inflammation of the intestines caused by exposure to radiation during cancer treatment.

Herpes Simplex

A viral infection that can cause sores in the mouth and throat, common in those with HIV.

AIDS-Defining Illnesses

Illnesses that can occur in individuals with advanced stages of HIV/AIDS.

HIV Management

The approach to treating and caring for individuals living with HIV.

Nutrition-Related Cancers

Types of cancers where dietary habits may influence risk and progression.

Fad Diets

Dietary trends not based on scientific principles and often promoted for rapid weight loss.

Nutritional Therapy

Medical nutritional interventions aimed at treating various health conditions.

Clinical Research

Studies conducted to test hypotheses and evaluate outcomes in healthcare.

Dietary Supplements

Products taken to supplement the diet and provide nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, and proteins.

Lifestyle Changes

Modifications to a person's daily habits to improve health outcomes.

Weight Management

Efforts to maintain a healthy weight through diet, exercise, and lifestyle adjustments.

Nutrition Guidelines

Recommendations for a balanced diet that supports overall health.

Exercise Recommendations

Guidelines provided to encourage physical activity for health benefits.

Plant-Based Diets

Diets focusing primarily on foods derived from plants.

Protein Sources

Food items that provide high amounts of protein, essential for bodily functions.

Cholesterol Management

Strategies to maintain healthy cholesterol levels through diet and lifestyle.

Nutritional Deficiency

A lack of essential nutrients in the diet, potentially leading to health problems.

Antioxidants

Substances that protect cells from damage by free radicals.

Hydration Needs

The amount of daily fluid intake required to maintain health.

Food Labeling

The labeling of food products to provide consumers with nutritional information.

Public Health Nutrition

The science of promoting health and preventing diseases through nutrition.

Whole Foods

Foods that are minimally processed and free from artificial ingredients.

Dietary Fiber

Indigestible parts of plants that aid in digestion and are important for gut health.

Food Security

Access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

Weight Loss Strategies

Methods intended to help individuals decrease body weight effectively.

Caloric Intake

The total number of calories consumed in a given period.

Meal Planning

The process of preparing a detailed plan for meals over a period of time.

Nutritional Assessment

Evaluation of an individual's dietary intake, body composition, and health status.

Obesity Prevention

Efforts aimed at reducing the incidence of obesity through education and resources.

Heart Health

A state of well-being concerning cardiovascular function and general heart conditions.

Metabolic Rate

The rate at which the body expends energy at rest or during physical activity.

Nutrition Education

Instruction regarding the principles of nutrition, dietary habits, and food choices.

Functional Foods

Foods that have health benefits beyond basic nutrition.

Nutrigenomics

The study of the relationship between nutrition and genes.

Eating Disorders

Serious conditions related to persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact health.

Chronic Diseases

Long-term health conditions that can be managed but not cured.

Foodborne Illness

Infections caused by consuming contaminated food.

Healthy Eating Patterns

Diets that are balanced and promote health over time.

Self-Monitoring

Tracking one's dietary intake and physical activity to promote better health choices.

Cultural Competence in Nutrition

Understanding and incorporating cultural perspectives into dietary practices.

Community Nutrition Programs

Public health initiatives aimed at improving nutrition within communities.

Nutritional Guidelines for Specific Populations

Tailored dietary recommendations for different demographic groups.

Personalized Nutrition Care

Customized dietary strategies based on individual health status and preferences.

Health Promotion

Strategies aimed at improving health and preventing disease.

Nutritional Interventions

Actions taken to improve dietary habits and nutritional status.

Sustainability in Nutrition

Practices that ensure food security without compromising the health of future generations.

Dietary Patterns and Health Outcomes

The correlation between food intake patterns and health impacts.