Nutrition Exam Review Flashcards
Dietary Fat and Energy Yielding Nutrients
Fat Formation: Fat can be formed from an excess of any energy-yielding nutrient.
- True or False?
Fasting vs. Starving: The body can metabolically recognize the difference between fasting and starving.
- True or False?
Ketones: Ketones can meet some of the nervous system's energy needs.
- True or False?
Nervous System Glucose Consumption: Normally, the nervous system consumes less than 10% of the total glucose used each day.
- True or False?
Adaptations to Fasting: The body's adaptations to fasting are sufficient to sustain life for only a very short period.
- True or False?
Basal Metabolic Needs: Basal metabolic needs are large compared to energy needs for activities.
- True or False?
Voluntary Activities: Voluntary activities normally require less energy in a day than basal metabolism does.
- True or False?
Energy Expenditure Modifications: People can change their voluntary actions to spend more or less energy in a day, but they cannot change their metabolic rate.
- True or False?
Body Composition and Obesity
Smoking and Visceral Fat: A smoker may weigh less than a non-smoker but will likely have more visceral fat.
- True or False?
Skinfold Measurements: Skinfold measurements provide an inaccurate estimate of total body fat.
- True or False?
Genetics and Energy Management: Genetics influences the way the body consumes, stores, and expends energy.
- True or False?
Genetics and Obesity Susceptibility: Genetics alone determines a person's susceptibility to obesity.
- True or False?
Lipoprotein Lipase Activity: Some research indicates that obese individuals have much more lipoprotein lipase activity in their fat cells than lean individuals do.
- True or False?
Ghrelin and Weight Maintenance: Obese people who are maintaining their weight have lower blood levels of ghrelin than thinner individuals on weight-loss diets.
- True or False?
Leptin Deficiency: Most obese individuals have a leptin deficiency.
- True or False?
Ghrelin Definition: Ghrelin is a hormone produced in the stomach that functions similarly to leptin.
- True or False?
Sensible Weight-Control Program: On a sensible weight-control program, meals and snacks should include whole-grain foods and fiber-rich vegetables.
- True or False?
Fad Diets Appeal: The greatest appeal of fad diets is that they tend to ignore current dietary recommendations.
- True or False?
Weight-Loss Advice Applicability: Weight-loss advice applies equally to all overweight individuals.
- True or False?
Vitamin Absorption and Nutrient Deficiencies
Bioavailability Definition: Bioavailability refers to the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and utilized by the body.
- True or False?
Vitamin A Deficiency: Vitamin A deficiency results in rickets disease in children.
- True or False?
Beriberi Disease: Beriberi is also referred to as thiamin-deficiency disease.
- True or False?
Calcium Abundance: Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body.
- True or False?
Iron Deficiency: Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide.
- True or False?
Dietary Practices and Conditions
High-Fiber Diet Benefits: A high-fiber diet increases stool weight and fecal water content.
- True or False?
Exercise and Constipation: Daily exercise has been proven to cure constipation by stimulating peristalsis.
- True or False?
Psyllium Use: Psyllium may be beneficial in treating diarrhea because it reduces stool liquidity.
- True or False?
MCT Oil Digestion: MCT oil does not require bile for digestion and absorption.
- True or False?
Lactose Intolerance Tolerance: Many lactose-intolerant individuals can tolerate up to 2 cups of milk a day when the intake is divided throughout the day and consumed with food.
- True or False?
Acute Pancreatitis: Acute pancreatitis can result from high blood triglycerides.
- True or False?
Digestive System Disorders
Celiac Disease: Celiac disease is characterized by an abnormal immune response to specific amino acids.
- True or False?
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): IBS occurs more frequently in men than in women, and symptoms often increase with age.
- True or False?
Colostomy Definition: A colostomy involves the removal of the entire colon.
- True or False?
Colostomy and Fluid Intake: Clients with a colostomy or ileostomy should have a diet that is restricted in fluids.
- True or False?
Nutrition in Medical Conditions
Hepatomegaly Defined: Hepatomegaly refers to a surgical puncture of a body cavity with an aspirator to draw out excess fluid.
- True or False?
Malnutrition Consequences: People with malnutrition may experience fatty liver.
- True or False?
Gastric Banding and Gastric Bypass: Clinical studies indicate that the gastric banding procedure is more effective and has fewer long-term complications than gastric bypass surgery.
- True or False?
Post-Gastrectomy Diet: Following gastrectomy, the patient may require as many as 8 to 12 small meals and snacks per day.
- True or False?
Dumping Syndrome Symptoms: Symptoms of dumping syndrome are due to a shift of fluid from the bloodstream to the intestinal lumen, which increases intestinal distention and lowers blood volume.
- True or False?
Dental Caries Development: Caries develop when bacteria residing in dental plaque metabolize dietary carbohydrates and produce acids that attack tooth enamel.
- True or False?
Treatment for Dental Caries: Antimicrobial mouth rinses are the primary form of treatment for dental caries.
- True or False?
Oral Health and Nutrition
Xerostomia: Xerostomia is a side effect of many medications and can make chewing and swallowing more difficult.
- True or False?
Swallowing Dysphagia: Oropharyngeal dysphagia is common in elderly persons and frequently follows a stroke.
- True or False?
Gastritis Treatment: In the dietary treatment of gastritis, it is crucial to eliminate irritating foods and beverages.
- True or False?
Vomiting Consequences: Occasional vomiting can cause esophagitis and fluid and electrolyte imbalances and may require medical care.
- True or False?
Psychological Stress and Ulcers: Psychological stress, by itself, is not believed to cause ulcers, but it can affect physiological processes and behaviors that may increase a person's vulnerability.
- True or False?
Diabetes Management
Prediabetes Diagnosis: Prediabetes is diagnosed when an individual has a fasting blood sugar level that falls between 100 and 125 mg/dL.
- True or False?
Type 2 Diabetes Causes: The primary cause of Type 2 diabetes is autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas.
- True or False?
Insulin Resistance: Obesity alone can cause some degree of insulin resistance.
- True or False?
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Levels: In severe cases of diabetic ketoacidosis, blood glucose levels can exceed 1000 mg/dL.
- True or False?
Acetone Breath: Acetone breath is a characteristic symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis, not hypoglycemia.
- True or False?
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome: The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome is usually a complication of Type 2 diabetes.
- True or False?
Blood Vessel Complications: Chronic complications of diabetes typically affect blood vessels and the nerves.
- True or False?
Claudication Symptoms: Claudication is a symptom of diabetes that may arise due to polyuria.
- True or False?
Microalbuminuria Checks: Routine checks for microalbuminuria help to determine whether diabetes is affecting the kidneys.
- True or False?
Cardiovascular Disease and Nutrition
Heart Failure Dietary Recommendations: The primary dietary recommendation for heart failure is protein restriction.
- True or False?
Cardiac Cachexia Mechanisms: Cardiac cachexia associated with heart failure often develops due to elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increased metabolic rate.
- True or False?
Feeding Disabilities: Adaptive utensils and proper training enable some individuals with feeding disabilities to be independent.
- True or False?
Kidney Health and Disease Management
Erythropoietin Secretion: The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin, which helps regulate blood pressure.
- True or False?
Nephrotic Syndrome Nutrition: Medical nutrition therapy for nephrotic syndrome aids in preventing protein-energy malnutrition and easing edema.
- True or False?
Diabetes and Ashon Deficits: The nephrotic syndrome is associated with heightened atherosclerosis and a sharply increased risk of heart disease and stroke.
- True or False?
Fluid Monitoring Post-Kidney Injury: Recovery from kidney injury may begin with a late period of diuresis, and a patient's fluid status should be closely monitored.
- True or False?
Acute Kidney Injury and Prostate Cancer: Prostate cancer is an intrarenal factor that can contribute to acute kidney injury.
- True or False?
Kidney Failure Indicators: A glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 29 indicates kidney failure and the need for dialysis.
- True or False?
Protein Needs in Dialysis: Individuals on peritoneal dialysis have lower protein needs compared to those on hemodialysis.
- True or False?