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what is Salutary Neglect (1763)
The policy was an intentional lack of enforcement by the British government of British trade laws in the American colonies
Cause of the French and Indian War
the French built a chain of forts in the Ohio River Valley to halt the westward growth of the British colonies. Governor of Virginia sent George Washington's militia to win control of ohio river valley and stop french from completing work on fort duquesne (pittsburgh)
what was the Albany Plan of Union supposed to do (1754)
The delegates from seven colonies adopted a plan by Benjamin Franklin for an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes for their common defense
how did british prime minister William Pitt concentrate the government's military strategy on conquering canada?
signing of a peace treaty in 1763, the British extended their control of North America, and French power on the continent virtually ended
what did King George III pursue to solve britain's financial problems?
Making the American colonies bear more of the cost of maintaining the British empire would lead to increased colonial taxes
in Sugar Act of 1764 what did royal navy do to smugglers?
tried in Admiralty Courts without a jury
did the colonial legislatures approve Stamp Act of 1765
no
what did Stamp Act Congress agree on
Parliament lacked authority to levy taxes outside of Great Britain and could not deny a person a jury trial
sons of liberty protested ____, carried out ____ and ____
stamp act, Boston Tea Party, Paramilitary political party
Quartering Act of 1765 required:
local governments of the American colonies to provide the British soldiers with housing and food
purpose of Declaratory Act (1766)
to save face after repeal of stamp act- boycotts were hurting British trade, Stated Parliament's authority was the same in America as in Great Britain
who died from Boston Massacre (1770)
five civilians lay dead or dying, including Crispus Attucks, an African American merchant sailor who had escaped from slavery more than twenty years earlier
how did writers and publishers call for colonial independence
Ben Franklin published the works of other colonial critics of the British Crown like Thomas Paine's Common Sense
what happened in First Continental Congress 1774
delegates from all colonies (except Georgia) meet to discuss tensions, Write "Declaration of Rights" to King George III expressing colonial grievances, colonial militias were told to prepare
what happened in April 1775 - "Shot Heard 'Round the World"
minutemen vs. Gen. Gage's troops at Lexington, British retreat after Concord
how did members of the Continental Congress began to favor violent resistance?
moral victory at Bunker Hill; while technically a loss, colonial militia successfully stood toe-to-toe with British troops, and suffered comparatively less casualties
why were european like spain and france colonies reluctant to support declaration of independence in 1776?
Washington's defeat by British General William Howe at Manhattan, and the unopposed movement of British General Charles Cornwallis in the southern colonies
2nd Continental Congress (1775)
Appointed George Washington Commander of Continental Army, Signed "Olive Branch Petition" as one last chance for peace
June 1776: BUNKER HILL
- King George III to issue the "Proclamation of Rebellion" that this uprising must be treated as a foreign war, Winter 1776 -
How did women help in the war effort?
Female spinning bees created uniforms and garments to protect colonial troops during the harsh winters, such as the infamous Valley Forge winter camp
treaty of paris
The British formally recognized American independence and ceded territory east of the Mississippi, American promised to restore Loyalist property and repay debts to British creditors.
articles of confederation
lasted until 1787
how did inflation occur
Federal government printed more money
because congress had No power to levy tariffs under articles
American merchants hurt by foreign competition like Spain cut off Mississippi R. & France demanded repayment of loan
because congress had No power to draft troops under articles
weak army dependent on militias
The Jay-Gardoqui Treaty and how was it rejected?
1786 between the United States and Spain was not ratified. guaranteed Spanish right to navigate the Mississippi River for 25 years. opposed by Virginia leaders James Madison and James Monroe who secured its rejection by the Continental Congress
how did american nationalists deal with europeans looking at the us as weak and taking advantage of that?
used the weakness in dealing with foreign powers as one of the reasons for installing a new constitution in 1789
LAND ORDINANCE & NORTHWEST ORDINANCE, what was the effect for pioneers, states, and slavery?
(1787) settlement guidelines included creating schools; pioneers could purchase land from federal gov. & laid out process for admitting new states to the union. Also forbid extension of slavery into Old Northwest
shays rebellion and how did it affect federal government?
farmers who were losing farms as states attempted to increase taxes to pay war debts. highlights the weakness of the federal government:no federal army to put down rebellion and had to raise a private militia
us constitution and how was it modeled?
All members agreed the government should be modeled according to Montesquieu's separation of powers ideal with United States Congress serving as the head of the legislative branch, the President of the United States as the head of the executive branch, and the Supreme Court of the United States as the head of the judicial branch
difference between federalist and antifederalists
Federalists favored approval of the Constitution, Anti Federalists opposed it
The Virginia Plan had little chance of success until it won the support of Southern slave states by proposing the 3/5 Compromise, which is
the counting of 60% of a state's slaves towards its representative count
Supremacy Clause
placed [federal] Congressional authority above state legislatures and authorities by officially making it the 'supreme Law of the Land'
Another critical component in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution was the inclusion of an amendment system
which allowed revisions to be made as unforeseen issues emerged
what did madison do to appease the states that believed judges had ability to abuse citizens and states despite hamilton arguing that the judicial branch was constrained to power only according to constitution
drafted and proposed 12 amendments that addressed their concerns; 10 of these amendments were ratified by 1791 known as the Bill of Rights
HAMILTON'S FINANCIAL PLAN
Congress should assume states' debts ("funding at par") to build national credit; plan favored wealthy
Compromise of 1790
Jefferson and Madison agreed to the national bank and assumption of the debt if the nation's capital would be in VA territory
Proclamation of Neutrality
in 1793 to avoid war with Britain and France
tension between us and france
In 1789, France, deposed the French monarch and Estates General (representative assembly) which had formed agreements with the young United States. While initially supportive, the United States soon came to oppose the French Revolutionary
Government, especially after the radical and violent Jacobin takeover in 1792
how did washington react to genet's actions
When Washington demanded he halt his actions of recruiting American sailors to act as privateers against the British, GenĂŞt continued to defy Washington's wishes. he demanded the French revolutionary government recall GenĂŞt. Washington allowed him to seek asylum in the U.S. to avoid execution
xyz affair
3 US diplomats were sent to resolve privateering issues when the French foreign minister, Talleyrand, required personal bribes and loans to france. the three diplomats sent by the U.S. were insulted by the gesture and two left without negotiating
how did spanish benefit from the treaty of paris in 1783?
reasserting control of New Orleans in 1763 and Spanish Florida
how did spanish respond to new orleans being reopened to americans
bc of the reduced 15% tariff and allowed settlers west of the Appalachian Mountain to use its ports, Spain openly allowed hostile American Indian factions, fugitive slaves, and outlaws to seek asylum in Spanish Florida, as well as tightening their grip on the vital port town of New Orleans
how did us struggle to coexist with the American Indian populations by the spanish?
Royal Governor of Canada openly called for American Indians to continue resisting the U.S. in the Northwest Indian Wars (1785-1795). The Spanish did the same in the southeast, offering Spanish Florida as a haven for belligerent American Indian, convicts, and fugitive slaves. Spanish encouraged the Creek tribe and their allies to violate the Treaty of New York and supported attacks and raids against American settlers
how did south attitudes shift against abolition
economic developments began to divide American opinion on slavery following the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. booming cotton industry in the South soon shifted Southern attitudes against abolition
Abigail Adams drew parallels between
colonial struggle against British authority with the overt suppression of women in education, work, and politics
Judith Murray book on the equality of sexes criticized
lack of educational opportunity for women
what did john adams believe
it was the duty of white, property-owning males to vote and function as the government and white, property-owning males were the ones who truly had a stake in establishing a fair and stable political system
growing nationalism occur?
By the 1810s, a national flag had been created, as well as the future national anthem. art movements, such as the Hudson River School featured American landscapes
who signed the Alien and Sedition Acts and Naturalization Act to restrict freedom of speech and postpone immigrant voting
john adams
1793 - Neutrality Proclamation
formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, enraged pro-French Jeffersonians.
different views on foreign policy between federalists and anti federalists
FEDERALISTS - neutrality; strong international commerce; ANTI-FEDERALISTS - want to support French revolution; agrarian society with limited tariffs
what led to the Embargo Act 1807 and economic crisis
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (impressment)
what act infuriated jefferson
Federalist sponsored Judiciary Act of 1801, would reduce court from 6 to 5 justices, would deprive Jefferson of an appointment, got this repealed in 1802
the Jeffersonian agenda featured the ideals of
self-reliance and small-scale farming
how was expansionism embraced in america?
Adams-Onis Treaty, Oregon Treaty, Mexican-American War, Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Issues with the Jeffersonian Model
Britain and France vied for American support during the 19th-century. With America remaining neutral, Britain and France harassed and impressed American shipping
Embargo of 1807
crippled American commerce and industry. a rival party grew in the form of the National Republican Party prioritized trade, banking, and commerce
The War of 1812 and how did it expose the frailty of us, making who popular?
defeat with the attempted invasion of British Canada. While Americans would rally and be victorious under Andrew Jackson at New Orleans, the war exposed the frailty of the United States with Jeffersonian cuts on the military. As such, the Republicans like Henry Clay—a proponent of American banking and domestic interdependence—became increasingly popular
period most associated with salutary neglect
mid-1700s
why did albany plan of union never take effect?
Each colony was too jealous of its own taxation powers
1777: PRINCETON & TRENTON
- Washington & the Continental Army surprise and defeat the sleeping
Hessians, Oct 1777: SARATOGA
- American victory inspired France to commit itself to an alliance with the Americans
1777-1778: WINTER AT VALLEY FORGE
- Continental army drilled into shape by Baron von Steuben and Washington
1781: YORKTOWN
- Marquis de Lafayette led defeat Cornwallis while the French navy blocked their escape. → led to the surrender of Britain & the end of the war
how did Spain have schemes to keep the new nation weak?
closing the Mississippi River to its traffic, and forming alliances with Indian tribes along its southern border
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