Appeasement
Policy where the LON and countries in it decided to appease the axis powers by granting them land but told them not to get anymore
However the axis powers did not listen and kept taking free land
Atlantic Charter
A meeting between Winston Churchill and FDR upon naval ships to decide what the future post-war world should look like
Baby Boom
Post war there was a huge increase of birth rate
This era of high birth rate is known as the baby boom.
To make up for the lost lives
Increase in the birth rate between 1945-1955
Berlin Airlift
After the war, west of Berlin was placed under Allied control while Berlin itself was deep inside the Soviet controlled Eastern Germany
USSR wanted the entire Berlin and set up a road blockade to stop supplies
The US dropped supplies to Berlin by air for a year
Bracero Program
1942, thousands of Mexican workers were legally brought across the border to work on US farms after WWII had left to a deficit in farm labor
The Mexican Farm Labor Agreement signed between US and Mexico
Brown vs. Board of Education
In May 1945 ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional
canceled out Plessy vs. Ferguson
Cash and Carry
A loophole to neutrality, a way for Roosevelt to help the allies while remaining âneutralâ
Countries could purchase war armaments from the US but only if they could pay the entire price at the time of the sale
Cold War
A weapon-creation war lasting ~45 years
Communism v. Capitalism
No actual violence/battling
Conformity*
The idea that each American has a specific role they must fill
Ex.
Wives: Housekeepers
Husbands: Breadwinners
Children/Teens: Obedient to superiors
Containment*
The belief that communism must be contained - not spread to any other countries
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
challenging segregation and voter registration for African Americans.
D Day
On June 6th, 1944 Allied troops (mostly American and British) stormed the beaches of Normandy, France to catch Germany off guard.
Double V
Victory abroad and victory at home
Motto for minorities (specifically black citizens) for winning the war abroad and battling racism at home.
Eisenhower Doctrine
Provided the ability for Middle Eastern Countries to get economic or military aid from America
Equity*
A movement to make America truly equal (not possible)
Double V campaign, black soldiers returning from the war fought for equal treatment
-Civil Rights movement, many fought for equality and segregation through a variety of methods
Japanese Americans attempted to âstay quietâ about their inhumane treatment and tried to act as a âmodel minorityâ in the hope of being accepted as true Americans
Executive Order 8802
Signed by FDR in June â41, it prohibited ethnic/racial discrimination in the armaments sector. It also set up the FEPC
Executive Order 9006
This order by Roosevelt âauthorized the force removal of all persons deemed a threat to national security from the West Coastâ.
It mainly affected Japanese-Americans; 120,000 of them were forced into ârelocation centersâ in the west.
Executive Order 9981
Issued by Truman, it disallowed segregation in the Armed Forces.
Fair Deal
A deal made by Truman in 1949 with the goal of improved housing, employment, higher minimum wage, better farm support prices, new TVAs (Tennessee Valley Authority), better social security, and an act to prevent racial and religious hiring discrimination
Most promises failed due to opposition from Republicans and the South,
Public housing, insurance, and social security did succeed
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
Created in 1941, this organization was made to ensure that wartime workplaces stayed non-discriminatory. It also assisted black Americans in finding employment.
GI Bill
Sent returning veterans to school
Gave loans to veterans for businesses
Good Neighbor Policy
The foreign policy of the United States towards Latin America.
emphasizes cooperation and trade rather than military force
Hiroshima/Nagasaki
2 Japanese cities nuked at the end of WWII
Holocaust
The persecution and extermination of 6 million Jewish people at the hands of the Nazis and Hitler
House of Committee on Un-American Activity
Anti-communist group
This committee investigates potential subjects in the public that might be communists.
Some potential subjects can be: teachers, authors, union members, government officials, unions, actors, editors, spies, liberal democrats, etc.
Iron Curtain
A âbarrierâ (not a real barrier) in Europe set up around the Eastern bloc to separate the USSR from western Europe, create a buffer zone between USSR and germany
Anything in the barrier was under soviet control
Korean War
1950-1953, Post war recovery split Korea into a North and South Korea
North Korea crosses over the 38th parallel into South Korea
While USSR is absent, the UN votes to use UN troops to protect South Korea
The war ultimately ends in a stalemate and armistice
Lend Lease
Another way to get around Neutrality
Roosevelt would âlendâ materials to the British and other allies
US would also lend supplies for leases to territory
The US never expected to get the things they lent back
Manhattan Project
Project the US started to combat the Nazi development of atomic weapons.
Spurred by Einstein's letter
Resulted in US making 2 atomic bombs and being the world leader in atomic weapons
Marshall Plan
U.S. proposing to offer aid towards countries in need after the war
Soviets refused
$12.5 billion towards cooperating countries
Got Europe back on its feet so that it wouldnât be dependent on the U.S.
McCarthyism
Hundreds of americans were called into question about being communist, a phenomenon sweeping the nation
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
âKeep Russians out, Germans down, and America inâ
Provided a peacetime military alliance with the western hemisphere
Helped with the reintegration of Germany into Europe after the war
Neutrality*
The United States would remain âneutralâ and would not pick a side in WWII
Lend-lease and Cash and Carry loopholes
NSC-68
Build up US militaryâs weapons
Identified the US and Soviet Union as the 2 global superpowers
Nuremberg Trials
Immediately after the war, 22 Nazi leaders & dozens of their underlings were subject to a months-long tribunal in Franconia. 12 were hung for their part in Nazi atrocities.
Organization of American States
international organization comprising of 35 member states from North, Central, and South America, and the Caribbean.
It was established in 1948 with the aim of promoting regional solidarity and cooperation among its member states.
four main pillars of work: democracy, human rights, security, and development.
Marshall plan but for Latin America
OPEC
organization that petroleum exporting countries had with each other to maintain order in the fuel industry and to keep profit equal.
With Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and Iraq, had a tight hold on U.S.
Pearl Harbor
Japan intended the attack as a preventive act
prevent the United States Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned military actions in Southeast Asia
made us join WWII
Policy of Boldness
Policy would reduce the spending on the army/navy to instead build airfleets of superbombers w/ nuclear bombs
Point Four
Us would lend money to underdeveloped countries in hope they will not become communist
Potsdam Conference
Successful test of atomic bomb
Draft treaties because those areas were controlled by Germany
Fate is determined by others
Developed economic treaties
War crime trials
Red Lining
The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) categorizing neighborhoods that have high minority populations with low financial security and high risk of investing
Indirectly trapped minorities in low income neighborhoods leaving them unable to buy and or afford to move out of said low income neighorhoods and not lending them money
FHA blockbustering redlined areas to look as bad as possible to keep the value down
A lot of areas in the U.S. is still affected by this today
Rosie the Riveter
Rosie was a factory worker that encouraged others to join and eventually led to womenâs impact
Seventeenth Parallel
The line that broke Vietnam into a communist north and a non-communist south.
Ngo Dinh Diem in the south
Ho Chi Minh in the north
Sputnik
Satellite launched into space by Russia
Start of the space race
Thirty-Eighth Parallel
The line that broke Korea into a communist north and a democratic south.
To Secure These Rights
A 1947 manifesto by Trumanâs Presidential Committee on Civil Rights which gave recommendations on how to end discrimination.
Total War*
A belief that during times of war, every resource including medicine, food, armaments, raw materials, intelligence, capital, and labor are put towards the war efforts. Additionally, every person including men, women, and children are all parts of the war and the war population
Truman Doctrine
Asked for $400 million to bolster Greece and Turkey
Must be U.S policy to support free people that are resisting
Tuskegee Airmen
All-black bomber unit that trained in Tuskegee University.
Young men who volunteered to become America's first Black military airmen
U-2 Incident
US U-2 spy plane was shot down by soviet air defense forces
Because of this incident the Paris summit for 1960 was aborted
United Nations
New international peacekeeping organization
War Production Board
This board make orders to make the weapons/items necessary for the war effort
Halted production of unnecessary items
Warsaw Pact
Pact between Eastern Europe and Soviet Union to be united against NATO
White/Blue/Pink Collar Jobs
White collar jobs consist of lawyers, financial, management, and computer programmers.
Blue collar jobs consisted of labor like agriculture, mining, and construction.
Pink collar jobs are for women specifically.
White Flight
Massive movement of white families out of the cities and into suburbs
Changed business and more companies began focussing on the suburbs
Yalta Conference
A conference that happened with the Big Three where Stalin agreed that Poland should have a rep.gov. based on free elections along with Bulgaria and Romania.
Promises for free election â âopen worldâ
Zoot Suit Riots
Clad of Mexicans and Americans that were attacked
Allied Powers
Great Britain
Soviet Union
China
United States
Axis Powers
Germany
Italy
Japan
W.Churchill
Prime minister of Great Britain (1940-1945)
Ngo Dinh Diem
Vietnamese leader in the south that supported more western style governments aka democracy or like parliament ykwim
Dwight Eisenhower
Created the Eisenhower Doctrine
34th President
Adolf Hitler
Born: April 20, 1889 in Austria
Rise to power: Became Chancellor of Germany in 1933
Ideology: Nazism, a form of fascism with extreme nationalism and anti-Semitism
Actions: Invaded Poland in 1939, leading to the start of WW2; oversaw the Holocaust, resulting in the deaths of 6 million Jews; committed suicide in 1945 as Allied forces closed in on Berlin.
D.MacArthur
General during World War II who took part in many battles
Acclaimed fame during WWII and regarded as one of the greatest generals
Fought and led during the Battle of the Bulge
Primary reconstructor of Japan
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsinâs US senator at the time, he took advantage of the cold war fears to focus the USâ attention on the communist and communist sympathizers
Ho Chi Minh
Vietnamese leader and nationalist enthusiast who wanted the U.S. help, but became communist
Benito Mussolini
Fascist leader of Italy during WWII
Called a frog in WWII propaganda
Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd U.S. President
Served 3 terms in office, died during his 4th term
due to cerebral hemorrhage
Longest serving president in U.S. history
Started New Deal Programs to help the U.S. get out of the effects of the Great Depression
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
These American citizens were the ones to leak the atomic bombâs data to Russia to allow the making of the atomic bomb in Russia.
Convicted of espionage in 1951 during the red scare and sentenced to death in the chair in 1953
Joseph Stalin
Russian Dictator that killed a lot of people
Part of the big 3
Got along with Roosevelt but not Truman
Leader of the Soviet union at one point
The âBig Threeâ
Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt (FDR)
Harry S. Truman
33rd US President, who became President after FDR died while in office
He was seen as an average man, sometimes not very decisive
He did not try to dodge responsibility
Point Four plan
Truman Doctrine
Fair Deal