Unit 2 (1607-1754)

Spanish in colonies

European rivalry, gold & silver, cash crops, encomienda system, caste system, conversion

French in colonies

Wanted trade, fish and fur trade, few French, trading settlements —> some French traders married Native wives (mutual benefit: Ojibwe —> got iron cookware in exchange for never skins)

Dutch in colonies

Fur trading center on Hudson River, similar to French, didn’t want to really convert Natives, set6 up large trading center

British in colonies

Britain had lots of inflation, lower class farming land lost to enclosure movement —> went to America to get economic opportunities and gain land, religious freedom

Enclosure Movement

communal land became privately own by the rich = losing farm land

Jamestown (Chesapeake)

Financed by joint-stock company, colony about making money, searched for gold —> military to protect gold, 1st two years = famine = killed most settlers (catabolism), 1612 —> tobacco cultivation = more investment = (indentured servants), needs more land —> take from Natives —> Bacons Rebellion

Joint-Stock Company

Investors by parts of company —> when company Mande money, so would they (think buying stocks to own % of a company)

indentured servants

From Britain signed labor contract to pay for passage —> work for certain # of years then they were free

Bacons Rebellion

Settlers/poor farmers/endentured servants wanted Jamestown gov. to take action against Natives = Rebellion —> kills governor —> scared land owners = new source of labor —> slavery

New England Colonies (1620 pilgrims)

• Family units to develop society (not profit enterprise)

• Farmers

• Fevers and disease

• agriculture and commerce

Carolina/Carribean colonies

Replicated sugar production system from Caribbean (slavery)

Middle colonies

Along river, export economy = social class system

Middle colony (quakers)

Religious freedom for all

• Farmer land was obtained by negotiation

• Colonial leadership —> self governing

House of Burgesses (Virginia)

Representative assemblies could live taxes and pass laws, controlled by the elite

Triangular trade

New England (rum) —> African (enslaved people) —> West Indies (slaves for Sugarcane) —> New England gets sugar to make the rum

mercantilism

• raw goods —> Europe

• Europe = sell

• Europe remains in control of colonies

• No trade between colonies

Nativigation Acts

• Trade w English ships only

• England has certain goods brought through them to be taxes before being sold

Virgina colony

Slave codes —> cattle —> slavery is now passed down

Slave Rebellions

• Covert: kept religious practices, broke tools, destroyed seeds, faked illness

• Overt: Stono Rebellion

Stono Rebellion (1939)

Slaves stole weapons from Owner —> killed him, walked along Stono River = numbers grew, burned farms along the way, South Carolina militia slashed rebellion

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Spanish tried to oppress Natives religion if didn’t practice Christianity —> uprising (killed Spanish)—> 12 years Spanish were gone then came back —> Spanish were more accommodating to Natives

Metacoms War (1675)

Native tribe allied with others to rid English off their soil attacking English colony —> British allied w other tribe and squashed them

The Enlightenment (1685)

In Europe mostly elites, rational thinking over tradition and religious revolation (thinking over beliefs)

Printmaking

Spread enlightenment to colonist —> Natural Rights —> check and balances in gov. (3 branches) —> social contract (people in contract w gov.)

New Light Clergy

personal religious connection (didn’t like elites having personal churches)

Great Awakening

(Johnathan Edwards, George Winfield) traveling through colonies —> large scale rebirth of christian faith (new American identity)

Impressment (reason for dislike of British)

Taking colonial men and forcing them to serve in British Army

John Winthrop

Puritan governor (New England colony) “city upon a hill”