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Spanish in colonies
European rivalry, gold & silver, cash crops, encomienda system, caste system, conversion
French in colonies
Wanted trade, fish and fur trade, few French, trading settlements —> some French traders married Native wives (mutual benefit: Ojibwe —> got iron cookware in exchange for never skins)
Dutch in colonies
Fur trading center on Hudson River, similar to French, didn’t want to really convert Natives, set6 up large trading center
British in colonies
Britain had lots of inflation, lower class farming land lost to enclosure movement —> went to America to get economic opportunities and gain land, religious freedom
Enclosure Movement
communal land became privately own by the rich = losing farm land
Jamestown (Chesapeake)
Financed by joint-stock company, colony about making money, searched for gold —> military to protect gold, 1st two years = famine = killed most settlers (catabolism), 1612 —> tobacco cultivation = more investment = (indentured servants), needs more land —> take from Natives —> Bacons Rebellion
Joint-Stock Company
Investors by parts of company —> when company Mande money, so would they (think buying stocks to own % of a company)
indentured servants
From Britain signed labor contract to pay for passage —> work for certain # of years then they were free
Bacons Rebellion
Settlers/poor farmers/endentured servants wanted Jamestown gov. to take action against Natives = Rebellion —> kills governor —> scared land owners = new source of labor —> slavery
New England Colonies (1620 pilgrims)
Family units to develop society (not profit enterprise)
Farmers
Fevers and disease
agriculture and commerce
Carolina/Carribean colonies
Replicated sugar production system from Caribbean (slavery)
Middle colonies
Along river, export economy = social class system
Middle colony (quakers)
Religious freedom for all
Farmer land was obtained by negotiation
Colonial leadership —> self governing
House of Burgesses (Virginia)
Representative assemblies could live taxes and pass laws, controlled by the elite
Triangular trade
New England (rum) —> African (enslaved people) —> West Indies (slaves for Sugarcane) —> New England gets sugar to make the rum
mercantilism
raw goods —> Europe
Europe = sell
Europe remains in control of colonies
No trade between colonies
Nativigation Acts
Trade w English ships only
England has certain goods brought through them to be taxes before being sold
Virgina colony
Slave codes —> cattle —> slavery is now passed down
Slave Rebellions
Covert: kept religious practices, broke tools, destroyed seeds, faked illness
Overt: Stono Rebellion
Stono Rebellion (1939)
Slaves stole weapons from Owner —> killed him, walked along Stono River = numbers grew, burned farms along the way, South Carolina militia slashed rebellion
Pueblo Revolt (1680)
Spanish tried to oppress Natives religion if didn’t practice Christianity —> uprising (killed Spanish)—> 12 years Spanish were gone then came back —> Spanish were more accommodating to Natives
Metacoms War (1675)
Native tribe allied with others to rid English off their soil attacking English colony —> British allied w other tribe and squashed them
The Enlightenment (1685)
In Europe mostly elites, rational thinking over tradition and religious revolation (thinking over beliefs)
Printmaking
Spread enlightenment to colonist —> Natural Rights —> check and balances in gov. (3 branches) —> social contract (people in contract w gov.)
New Light Clergy
personal religious connection (didn’t like elites having personal churches)
Great Awakening
(Johnathan Edwards, George Winfield) traveling through colonies —> large scale rebirth of christian faith (new American identity)
Impressment (reason for dislike of British)
Taking colonial men and forcing them to serve in British Army
John Winthrop
Puritan governor (New England colony) “city upon a hill”