Euro Unit Two - The Age of Reformation

indulgences

indulgences

• buying of forgiveness for sin

Martin Luther

• Christian Humanist who embraced “back to the source”

• made 95 theses

  • called out church for simony, pluralism, nepotism, and immorality

  • didn’t mean to create a whole religios movement, just wanted to discuss with his archbishop and other scholars

  • led to his accusation of heresy by RCC - was excommunicated

• translated new testament into vernacular german

• did not support peasants who misunderstood his ideologies

Lutheranism

• religion made by Martin Luther

• primary doctrines + practices include:

  • Primacy of scripture - insisted on the importance of the Bible over church traditions as the source of authority

    • church council could make interpretative mistakes

    • sola scripture

  • Salvation by faith alone - faith in God was the only way to salvation

    • attending church and helping the poor were good works but did not alone bring salvation

    • sola fide

  • priesthood of all believers - all Christians should have access to god without needed priests

John Calvin

• French-born theologian

• book “Institutes of the Christian Religion”

  • for religious and political reform

• made Calvinism

calvinism

• principles of this religion:

  • predestination - all knowing god knew who would go to heaven or hell, and from birth fate was set

  • the elect consisted of those chosen by god for salvation

    • pious behavior = sign of being in the elect

  • accumulation of wealth through hard work was gods favor - economic prosperity of followers of this religion

printing press

• invention which allowed the spread of Reformation Ideas

• millions of people had access to books

  • books were no longer handmade

  • could be mass produced

anabaptists

• radical religious group

• emerged from Zurich

• said teachings of Luther and Calvin were not far enough in their reforms

• Key Ideas:

  • rejected baptism of infants- only adults could make decision to believe

  • sin existed throughout secular world - they avoided sin by living a secluded, simple life

  • avoided involvement in gov. affairs

  • scripture over any secular authority

puritans

• protestant group which believed Church of England needed to remove any lingering Catholic practices and “purify”

• English Calvinists

• Elizabeth I tried to calm down these groups with The Elizabethan Settlement and the Thirty-Nine Articles

  • modified religious practices attempting to appeal to both catholics and this group

    • rivalry continued into English Civil war

hugeonots

• french calvinists

• wanted power/say in government

concordat of bologna

• agreement between King Francis I of France and RCC allowing RCC to collect income from French Churched, but French monarchy could choose who was in what church position

• worked for several decades because most French were Catholic at the time

Charles IX

• came to French throne at 11 years old

• mother Catherine de Medici made most decisions

• brother of Henry III

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

• Henry of Navarre married Margaret of Valois (Charles IX and Henry III brother)

• Henry of Navarre was a calvinist leader, so many Calvinist leaders came to paris to see wedding

• Catherine de Medici ordered the murder of all these leaders once they came

• spread outside of paris

• 10-20,000 died

War of the Three Henrys

• war between:

  • Henry III - Charles XI brother, Catherine de Medici’s son, on the throne at start of war

  • Henry of Navarre (Bourbon) - next in line as he was married to Henry III sister

  • Henry of Guise - Catholic with support of Philip II of Spain

• Henry III’s bodyguards killed henry of Guise

• Henry III was assassinated

• Henry of Navarre became Henry IV and rose to throne

• begining of Bourbon dynasty

Edict of Nantes

• created by Henry IV

• allowed Huguenots to worship freely in France in certain provinces

• promoted political stability

• ended most religious violence in France mostly

30 Years War

• war from 1618-1648

• 4 Phases:

  • Bohemian Phase - King of Bohemia died without an heir

    • kingdom reverted to Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, but citizens wanted their German Calvinist leader Frederick I as king

    • Ferdinand won battle of White Mountain, allowing HRE to reimpose Catholicism in many German States

  • Danish Phase - Lutheran King of Denmark Christian IV joined in hopes of gaining German territory

    • Danish Forces were defeated, allowing Ferdinand II to occupy part of Denmark for a time

    • Danish involvement ended with Treaty of Lubeck

    • Ferdinand issued Edict of Restitution, forcing Protestant princes to return to catholicism

  • Swedish Phase - Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Military Leader, controlled Protestant Forces

    • his army was funded by Cardinal Richelieu, cheif minister to Louis XIII of France

    • Adolphus won and was able to revert many Catholic victories

  • French Phase - Adolphus died, French entered directly

    • war was not very religious any more, just for land

    • French were fighting for Protestants, Spain for HRE and Catholics

    • France gained upper hand

  • War Ended with Peace of Westphalia

Peace of Westphalia

• 1648, treaty ending 30 years war

• weakened HRE, ending any hopes of a unified religion in Europe

• Netherlands and Swiss Confederation were freed from Spain and HRE (independent)

• France, Germany, and Sweden gained power

  • France was primary European power

• Italian regions were removed from HRE

• Peace of Augsburg reconfirmed

• Calvinism officially recognized religion

index of Prohibited Books

• list of books Catholic printers were not allowed to print

• Catholics could not read

• possession of these books was heresy, punishable by death

Jesuits

• Catholic all-male order emphasizing a life of poverty, obedience to authority, prayer, and communal living

• Served as missionaries in Americas and East Asia

• Most prestigious universities founded by Jesuits

• Made by Ignatius Loyola

Ursulines

• all female order focused on Christian education of girls

  • necessary to rejuvenate family and society

• convents around the world

the woman question

• debate on whether women were fit to attend university, expanded later

• one side argued:

  • women were naturally inferior to men, which was unchangeable

  • 3 reasons - God created man first, men were physically stronger, and Eve deceived adam, bringing societies downfall

• other side argued:

  • men oppressed women to maintain their own social status and power

  • Eve was deceived

  • women were only inferior at the time because lack of education

Mannerism

• art type which started as a criticism

• painting in “manner” of Michelangelo and Raphael but lacking substance

• wanted to replace balance and harmony with distortion and illusion to add drama

• exaggerated lighting and form of body

• between Renaissance and Baroque periods

• reflected political and religious turmoil following Reformation

El Greco

• best example of Mannerism

• from Crete, studied in Venice and Rome

• intensified emotion from Catholic Reformation and Inquisition

Baroque

• art period which came from mannerism

• strong religious feelings

• departed from realism and naturalism

• dramatically complex

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

• most famous Italian Baroque architect + sculptor

• David in motion slaying Goliath

• work on St. Peters Basilica

Peter Paul Rubens

• most prominent Baroque painter of northern Europe

• dramatic

• employed by Catholic Church in cathedrals