PPL P art 141: EOC Review Questions

What are the requirements needed to take your checkride as a part 141 student?

- 35 hours of training if the course is for an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or airship

- 20 hours of flight training from a certificated flight instructor

- 3 hours of night flying

• one cross-country flight of more than 100-nautical miles in total distance

• 10 TO/L to a full stop at an airport

- Three hours of instrument training

- Three hours of flight training within 60 days of practice test

(Part 141 appendix B)

What is Basic Med?

allows eligible pilots to fly without a third-class FAA medical certificate by completing a routine doctor visit every four years and an online course every two.

What are the limitations for BasicMed?

• Aircraft must be authorized to carry no more than 6 occupants.

• Maximum certificated takeoff weight of 6,000 pounds or less.

• Flights within the U.S. only (unless another country authorizes BasicMed operations).

• No compensation or hire (same as private pilot privileges).

• No flight above 18,000 feet MSL.

• No flight faster than 250 knots indicated airspeed.

• Must carry a current U.S. driver’s license and meet BasicMed medical requirements (exam by state-licensed physician + online medical course every 24 months).

r

What inspection are required to keep an aircraft airworthy?

A - 

R - 

R -

O - 

W -

Required inspecitons

A - Airworthiness Derivatives

V - VOR (30 days)

I - inspections (annual and 100 hour)

A - altimeter (24 months)

T - Transponder (24 months)

E - ELT (12 months)

S - Static system (24 months)

Checking maintenance and records log

What is an MEL?

an FAA-approved list of equipment an aircraft can fly without, helping ensure safe and legal operations when something isn't working.

Look at equipment list and it will tell you what is required (What the FAA requires to have on the plane).

Review 91.213

What is a TCDS?

A Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS) is a document issued by the FAA or EASA that acts as the "birth certificate" for an aircraft, engine, or propeller — it defines the baseline configuration that meets regulatory airworthiness standards. It contains essential operating limitations, applicable regulations, and specifications for that specific type of product to ensure it meets airworthiness standards and is safe to operate.

Do our planes have KOEL?

We do not have a Kinds of Operation Equipments list.

Look at equipment list and it will tell you what is required (What the FAA requires to have on the plane).

What is adverse yaw and why does it occur?

Adverse yaw is the tendency of the nose of the airplane to yaw (turn) opposite the direction of a roll input.

Caused mainly by differential drag on the wings when you use the ailerons:

1. Aileron deflection changes lift and drag.
   

   • When you roll right, the left aileron goes down → left wing makes more lift → more induced drag.

   • The right aileron goes up → right wing makes less lift → less induced drag

2. Unequal drag causes yaw.
   

   • The extra drag on the left wing pulls it back.

   • The airplane’s nose yaws left (opposite your roll to the right).

3. Other contributions:
   

   • P-factor / slipstream effects are minor compared to aileron-induced drag.

   • At low speeds / high angles of attack, adverse yaw is more noticeable (more induced drag).

What are the three types of parasite drag?

Form drag, Interference drag, and Skin friction drag.

What is form drag?

the resistance an object experiences due to the shape of its body as it moves through the air. (due to shape)

What is interference drag?

Caused by the interaction of airflow streams where aircraft components meet or intersect, such as wing-fuselage junction, landing gear-fuselage(where surfaces meet)

basically creases an eddy of air, getting stuck

What is skin friction drag?

caused by the interaction between air moleculres and the surface of the aircraft (due to surface roughness)

What is the different types of stabilities?

Static Stability and Dynamic stability

What is Static Stability?

The initial tendency of the aircraft to return to its original attitude after a disturbance

• Positive Static Stability: Aircraft initially moves back toward original position.

• Neutral Static Stability: Aircraft stays in the new position (no tendency to return or diverge).

• Negative Static Stability: Aircraft continues to move away from original position.

What is Dynamic Stability?

The overall tendency of the aircraft to return to its original attitude over time after a disturbance.

• Positive Dynamic Stability: Aircraft oscillates with decreasing amplitude and returns to equilibrium.

• Neutral Dynamic Stability: Aircraft oscillates with constant amplitude.

• Negative Dynamic Stability: Aircraft oscillations increase and it diverges further from original attitude.

Describe Longitudinal Stability

Pitch Stability

• Controlled by: Horizontal stabilizer

• Important for: Preventing nose from pitching up/down uncontrollably.

• Affected by: CG location, tail design, wing position.

Describe Lateral Stability

Roll Stability

• Keeps wings level.

• Affected by:

  • Dihedral angle (wing tips higher than root)

  • Sweepback

  • Keel effect (from fuselage or vertical surfaces)

Describe Directional Stability

Yaw Stabiliity

• Controls stability around the vertical axis (like a weather vane).

• Affected by:

  • Vertical stabilizer (fin)

  • Fuselage design

What is lateral stability over the longitudinal axis?

Lateral stability is stability in roll, which occurs over the longitudinal axis. It helps the aircraft return to level flight if it gets rolled by a gust, and it's mainly provided by the dihedral angle of the wings.

What is Dihedral?

the upward angle of an aircraft’s wings relative to the horizontal plane when viewed from the front. Helps when banking to help return to straight and level flight.

Explain what longitudinal stability over the lateral axis is.

Longitudinal stability over the lateral axis is the aircraft's tendency to return to its original pitch attitude after a disturbance, like if the nose is pushed up or down. It mainly depends on the position of the center of gravity and the design of the horizontal stabilizer.

What are the four left turning tendencies?

Torque (newtons 3rd law)

P-Factor (Asymmetric thrust)

Gyroscopic Precession

Spiraling Slipstream

What is P-factor?

At high angles of attack, the descending blade (right side from pilot's view) takes a larger bite of air than the ascending blade.

What is gyroscopic effect?

A spinning propeller acts like a gyroscope. When a force is applied (like raising the nose), the resulting force appears 90° ahead in the direction of rotation.

What are the different forces acting on an aircraft turning?

1. Lift

• Acts perpendicular to the wingspan and relative airflow.

• In a turn, lift is tilted, not just straight up — part of it acts vertically to oppose weight, and part acts horizontally to pull the aircraft into the turn (centripetal force).

2. Weight (Gravity)

• Acts vertically downward toward the center of the Earth.

• Remains constant during the turn.

3. Thrust

• Acts in the direction the aircraft is pointed, generally forward.

• Provides the force to overcome drag and maintain airspeed during the turn.

4. Drag

• Acts opposite to the aircraft’s motion through the air.

• In a turn, drag increases due to higher angle of attack and increased lift demand.

5. Centripetal Force (Resultant of lift’s horizontal component)

• Acts toward the center of the turn — the force that actually makes the aircraft follow a curved path.

• kjhhhhhhhh

How icing affects performance on the aircraft.

• Increases weight ( ice buildup adds weight, reducing performance, increases stall speed. Don’t want to use as much flaps)

• increases drag (ice on wings and control surfaces changes their shape),

• reduced lift (disrupts smooth airflow over the wings, reducing lift, increasing stall speed)

• reduced thrust (buildup on the propeller or engine inlet reduces engine efficiency)

• control difficulties 

• instrument malfunction 

What is vapor lock? what procedure do you follow in this case?

a fuel system malfunction where liquid fuel turns into vapor (gas) inside the fuel lines, blocking proper fuel flow to the engine. This can lead to engine roughness, loss of power, or complete engine failure

What procedure do you follow for vapor lock?

How does the oil system work in our planes?

Ashless disperse

Wet sump oil system: starting in the sump

we have an oil pump to carry it to the filter then back into the crank case

minimum is 5 and max is 9 when dipping 8 will appear their is 1 quart in the filter

How does our Fuel Flow start to finish?

What are the different types of airspeeds?

Indicated Airspeed (IAS), Calibrated Airspeed (CAS), True Airspeed (TAS), and Ground speed

What is indicated airspeed?

Airspeed read directly from the aircraft’s airspeed indicator

What is True Airspeed?

CAS corrected for altitude and temperature — actual speed through the air.

to get indicated airspeed in you have to fly faster to get that airspeed at landing speed

thinner air, means your fly faster to get the airspeed needed, but that means ground speed is faster. 

What is calibrated airspeed?

IAS corrected for instrument and position errors.

What is ground speed?

TAS adjusted for wind — actual speed over the ground

What is true altitude?

actual height of the aircraft above mean sea level (MSL)

What are the Pitot system blockage?

Pitot tube blocked, drain hole open: Airspeed drops to zero

Pitot tube and drain hole blocked: Airspeed acts like an altimeter, increasing or decreasing with altitude changes rather than actual speed.

What are the Static port Blockage?

Altimeter: Freezes at altitude where blockage happened - doesn’t change

Airspeed indicator: becomes unreliable: may read higher or lower depending on climb or descent

Vertical Speed Indicator: Reads zero due to calibrated leak (no change in pressure) no indication of climb or descent

What instruments use vacuum power, and which ones use electricity?

Vacuum powered: Attitude Indicator, Heading Indicator

Electrical Powered: Turn coordinator 

What needs to be done when playing a a cross country plan in reference to the destination airport?

Checking chart supplements

When calculating rate of climb, distance to top of climb, time to top of climb, and fuel burn what chart do we use?

Rate of Climb, Distance to top of climb, time to climb, and fuel burn chart.

Can we fly into a restricted area?

No unless you have prior permission form the controlling agency. Always check NOTAMs and sectional charts before flight.

chart supplemtns and in the legend in on the chart supplement 

can you fly through MOA

if you are not participating stay out

Explain military training routes?

predefined corridors of airspace established for military aircraft to conduct low-altitude, high-speed training operations.

• MTRs are shown as thin black lines with an identifier, like IR123 or VR456.

• Routes below 1500 feet AGL are shown as four-digit numbers (e.g., IR1234).

• Routes above 1500 feet AGL have three-digit numbers (e.g., VR456).

What are the in flight weather advisories?

SIGMET, AIRMET, Convective SIGMET

What is a SIGMET

• Issued for: Severe weather like turbulence, severe icing, dust storms, sandstorms, or volcanic ash.

• Applies to: All aircraft, regardless of equipment or experience.

• Duration: Up to 4 hours.

What is an AIRMET?

• Issued for: Less severe but still hazardous weather like moderate turbulence, moderate icing, or IFR conditions.

• Three types:

  • Sierra: IFR conditions and mountain obscuration.

  • Tango: Moderate turbulence or strong surface winds.

  • Zulu: Moderate icing.

• Applies mainly to small aircraft and general aviation.

• Duration: Up to 6 hours.

What is a Convective SIGMET?

• Issued for: Severe convective weather such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, hail, or heavy precipitation.

• Applies to: All aircraft.

• Duration: Up to 2 hours.

• Important because convective weather can cause extreme turbulence and hazards.

How to walk through NOTAMs

Departure, in route, arrival,

then go through NWCRAFT