mech of disease - lecture 1

disease

disturbance in structure/function of organs. leads to dysfunction of physiological process

all disease is disease of cells

2 mechanisms of disease

genetic material - can be in nucleus or in mitochondria

proteins - too few/many, errors, missing receptors

epigenetics

how behaviours change genes. change in outside, not in sequence.

diseases within multiple categories

diabetes - metabolic / chronic

CF - chronic / degenerative

asthma - inflammatory / degenerative

atherosclerosis - inflammatory / genetic

cancer - inflammatory / genetic

ionic bonds

between charged atoms

covalent bonds

strongest

electrons are shared

hydrophilic

free radicals - unstable, plays role in aging

superoxide dismutase

covalent

SOD destroys free radical SO, protects cell from damage/aging

non-covalent bonds

weaker

ionic - attraction between anion and cation. weaker in presence of water

hydrogen bond - covalently bound hydrogen has partial positive charge, attracts electrons of second atom.

properties of water, DNA

hydrophobic

hydrophobic interaction

non covalent

when non polar minimize exposure to polar

van der Waals

non covalent

attraction between non polar, due to dipole formation

acids / bases

acids release protons

bases accept protons

aspartic acid

polar charged

Asp / D

glutamic acid

polar charged

Glu / E

lysine

polar charged

Lys / K

arginine

polar charged

Arg / R

Histidine

polar charged

His / H

serine

polar uncharged

Ser / S

therenine

polar uncharged

Thr / T

glutamine

polar uncharged

Glu / Q

asparagine

polar uncharged

Asn / N

tyrosine

polar uncharged

Tyr / Y

aromatic (benzene), hydroxyl OH

alanine

nonpolar

Ala / A

Valine

nonpolar

Val / V

leucine

nonpolar

Leu / S

isoleucine

nonpolar

Ile / I

methionine

nonpolar

Met / M

phenylalanine

nonpolar

Phe / F

aromatic (benzene)

tryptophan

nonpolar

Trp / W

aromatic (benzene)

aromatic

phenylalanine phe / f

tyrosine tyr / y

tryptophan trp / w

glycine

unique properties

Gly / G

side chain is only H - ONLY HAS ONE FORM

Cysteine

unique properties

Cys / C

Proline

unique properties

Pro / P

hydroxyl groups

polar uncharged

serine (ser/s)

threonine (the/t)

tyrosine (tyr/y)

amine group

polar charged

arginine (arg/r)

histidine (his/h)

lysine (lys/k)

carboxyl

polar charged

aspartic acid (asp/D)

glutamic acid (Flu/E)