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Pharynx

The digestive region responsible for the propulsion of materials into the esophagus.

Ingestion

The active process that occurs when materials enter the digestive tract via the mouth.

Sympathetic stimulation

Promotes muscular inhibition and relaxation in the muscularis externa.

Peritonitis

An inflammation of the peritoneal membrane, often caused by bacteria entering the abdominal cavity.

Submucosa

A major layer of the digestive tract described as a layer of dense irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels.

Mass movements

Strong contractions in the large intestine that move the contents toward the sigmoid colon.

Parotid glands

The salivary glands that produce salivary amylase, a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme.

Initial digestion of proteins

Not a function of saliva; saliva primarily aids in lubrication and digestion of carbohydrates.

Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

The three pairs of salivary glands that secrete into the oral cavity.

Bicuspids

Teeth best suited for crushing, mashing, and grinding food.

Buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal

The three phases of deglutition (swallowing).

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Food normally passes through these areas on its way to the esophagus.

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles

The muscles that push the food bolus toward the esophagus.

Esophagus

The structure that carries solid food and liquids from the pharyngeal region to the stomach.

Active contraction

The state of the inferior end of the esophagus that prevents backflow of materials from the stomach.

Secretin

A substance that inhibits gastric secretion.

Gastrin

A hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates digestive activity.

Duodenum

The division of the small intestine that contains the Brunner glands.

No pepsin

Not an enzyme found in pancreatic juice.

Cystic duct

Bile must pass through this to enter the gallbladder.

Cholecystokinin

The hormone that promotes the flow of bile and pancreatic juice containing enzymes.

Taenia coli

The longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon.

Lymphoid nodules

The type of lymphatic structures that dominate the vermiform appendix.

Biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K

Vitamins liberated by bacterial action and absorbed in the large intestine.

Lipids

Organic nutrients not absorbed by capillaries in the intestinal villi.

Water, electrolytes, and vitamins

Nutrients that can be absorbed without preliminary processing but may involve special transport.

Brush border of the small intestine

The site where lactase, which digests lactose, is synthesized.

Breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides

NOT a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

Facilitated diffusion and cotransport mechanisms

Processes by which the intestinal epithelium absorbs monosaccharides.

Higher concentration of solutes

The solution into which water tends to flow when separated by a selectively permeable membrane.

Root of the tongue

An error in swallowing may be detected here.

Pacesetter cells

Cause rhythmic cycles of activity in many visceral smooth muscle networks in the absence of neural stimulation.

Friction with the walls of the esophagus

Why a dry food bolus cannot be swallowed effectively.

Both fundus and body

Regions of the stomach abundant in gastric glands that produce gastric juice.

Stomach distension and gastrin release

Two factors important in the movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine.

Increase the total surface area for absorption

What the plicae of the intestinal mucosa, bearing intestinal villi, provide.

Cholecystokinin and secretin

Intestinal hormones produced by enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal crypts.

All of the listed responses are correct.

The primary functions of intestinal juice.

Gastroenteric reflex

Causes an immediate increase in glandular secretion and peristaltic activity in the small intestine.

An increase in secretion of bile and buffers by the liver and pancreas

The primary effect of secretin.

GIP

The peptide hormone that causes the release of insulin from the pancreatic islets.

Stratified squamous epithelium

What lines the rectum, differing from the simple columnar epithelium lining the colon and cecum.

Ileocecal valve

The muscular sphincter guarding the entrance between the ileum and cecum.

Large intestine

Which produces the LEAST number of contractions to force food through the digestive tract.

75 percent water

The average composition of fecal waste material.

Increases activity of parietal and chief cells

What gastrin does.

Stretch receptors in rectal walls and the sacral parasympathetic system

The two positive feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex.

Bile duct, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic artery

The complex known as the 'doorway to the liver' (porta hepatis).

Chylomicron

A complex formed when triglycerides are coated with proteins.

All of the chemical reactions in the body

What metabolism refers to.

Usually unable to metabolize other molecules

Why neurons must be provided with a reliable supply of glucose.

Catabolism of fatty acids

What meets a significant portion of the metabolic demand in resting skeletal muscles.

Catabolism

The process that breaks down organic substrates, releasing energy used to synthesize ATP.

Oxidation

The loss of electrons in terms of electron movement; the gain is called reduction.

Pyruvic acid

The result of glycolysis when six-carbon glucose molecules are broken down.

Citric acid

The first step in enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of this.

2 ATP for the cell

The net gain from the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis for each glucose molecule converted.

36 molecules of ATP

The gain from processing each glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Reasons why lipids cannot provide large amounts of ATP quickly.

Adipocytes

Most triglycerides synthesized are bound to this in the liver.

Toxins like ammonia

A factor that makes protein catabolism an impractical source of quick energy.

Slow growth, alter the appearance of the skin, and decrease the production of prostaglandins

Consequences of a diet deficient in essential fatty acids.

A 40-year-old woman with no history of atherosclerosis

Does NOT need to modify daily activities to regulate cholesterol levels.

NADH and FADH2

Coenzymes that deliver hydrogen ions and electrons to the electron transport system in the mitochondria.

Synthesize triglycerides

What hepatocytes use glucose for if excess remains in circulation post glycogen formation.

Catabolized for energy, used to build proteins, and used for tissue repair

What glucose molecules are used for when plasma concentrations are high.

Intrinsic factor

Must bind to vitamin B12 before absorption can occur in the body.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Who would be in positive nitrogen balance.

Milk and meat

Foods that are deficient in dietary fiber.

Vitamin A

A fat-soluble vitamin necessary for synthesis of visual pigments.

The body cannot synthesize

Why minerals, vitamins, and water are classified as essential nutrients.

Iron, zinc, copper, and manganese

Trace minerals found in extremely small quantities in the body.

Excessive amounts are readily excreted in the urine

Why hypervitaminosis involving water-soluble vitamins is relatively uncommon.

Calories per hour, calories per day, and calories per unit of body weight per day

How results may be expressed to examine the metabolic state of an individual.

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person

What the basal metabolic rate ideally represents.

Niacin

The water-soluble vitamin from which NAD, a key coenzyme used in ATP production, is produced.

Radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation

The four processes involved in heat exchange with the environment.

Acclimatization

Describes Phoebe's adaptation to Alaska's frigid winter climate.

Infants

The only period when brown fat is typically present in the body.

Obtain energy, provide tissue growth and repair, and provide metabolic regulation

What carbohydrates are broken down to do in a cell with excess substrates.

Their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA

Why fatty acids and many amino acids cannot be converted to glucose.

Lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates can be converted to acetyl-CoA

Why lipogenesis can use almost any organic substrate.

Hypothermia

A thermoregulatory change induced on the body during open-heart surgery.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Why the thawing procedure will not bring Mr. Morstoel back to life.

32 percent

The efficiency rate for the complete catabolism of glucose.

Glucagon

The hormone exhibiting its influence most during the postabsorptive state.

Lipoproteins and free fatty acids

The forms in which lipids circulate through the bloodstream.

Transporting the triglycerides to peripheral tissues

The primary function of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs).

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

How LDLs are absorbed by cells.

78 ATP

What the cell gains from the beta-oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid molecule.

HDLs

Excess cholesterol leaves somatic cells and is absorbed by these, transporting it back to the liver.

Postabsorptive state

Circumstances involving approximately 12 hours after eating three meals a day.

In sufficient quantity and quality

The most important factors in good nutrition.

Free fatty acids

An important energy source during periods of starvation when glucose supplies are limited.

Leucine, lysine, valine, tryptophan, arginine

Selection including only essential amino acids for a growing child.

All the essential amino acids in sufficient quantities

Why milk and eggs are considered complete proteins.

Creatine

A nitrogen compound important in energy storage in muscle tissue.

Gluconeogenesis

The synthesis of glucose from nonglucose precursors.

Elimination of waste into the environment

NOT a function of the urinary system.

Trigone

The area marked by the openings of the urethra and two ureters in the bladder.