87d ago

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Which of the following digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the esophagus?

pharynx

gallbladder

salivary glands

stomach

Question2

Question 2:The active process that occurs when materials enter the digestive tract via the mouth is __________.

excretion

ingestion

secretion

absorption

Question3

Question 3:Sympathetic stimulation of the muscularis externa promotes __________.

muscular inhibition and relaxation

muscular contraction and increased excitation

increased digestive and gastric motility

increased muscular tone and activity

Question4

Question 4:Which of the following statements about peritonitis is FALSE?

It is an inflammation of the peritoneal membrane.

It can be caused by bacteria entering the abdominal cavity during a surgical procedure.

It could be caused by a burst appendix.

It leads to inflammation of the digestive mucosa.

Question5

Question 5:Which of the following major layers of the digestive tract is described as a layer of dense irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels and the plexus of Meissner?

muscularis externa

mucosa

submucosa

serosa

Question6

Question 6:Strong contractions from the transverse colon to the rest of the large intestine that move the contents of the colon toward the sigmoid colon are called __________.

mass movements

pendular movements

defecation

segmentation

Question7

Question 7:Which of the following salivary glands produce salivary amylase, a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme?

sublingual glands

parotid glands

submandibular salivary glands

both parotid glands and submandibular salivary glands

Question8

Question 8:Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?

lubrication of the mouth

lubrication of food

initial digestion of carbohydrates

initial digestion of proteins

Question9

Question 9:The three pairs of salivary glands that secrete into the oral cavity include the __________.

lingual, labial, and frenulum

pharyngeal, palatoglossal, and palatopharyngeal

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

uvular, ankyloglossic, and hypoglossal

Question10

Question 10:Crushing, mashing, and grinding of food are best accomplished by the action of the __________.

bicuspids

incisors

cuspids

eyeteeth

Question11

Question 11:The three phases of deglutition are __________.

buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal

pharyngeal, palatopharyngeal, and stylopharyngeal

palatal, lingual, and mesial

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

Question12

Question 12:On its way to the esophagus, food normally passes through the __________.

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

pharyngeal sphincter

lower esophageal sphincter

oropharynx and laryngopharynx, lower esophageal sphincter, and pharyngeal sphincter

Question13

Question 13:The pharyngeal muscles that push the food bolus toward the esophagus are the __________.

pharyngeal constrictor muscles

palatus muscles

stylopharyngeus muscles

palatopharyngeus muscles

Question14

Question 14:Solid food and liquids are carried from the pharyngeal region to the stomach by the __________.

oropharynx

nasopharynx

laryngopharynx

esophagus

Question15

Question 15:The inferior end of the esophagus normally remains in a state of active contraction that __________.

initiates the movement of food from the stomach into the small intestine

allows food to move rapidly into the stomach

prevents air from entering into the esophagus

prevents the backflow of materials from the stomach into the esophagus

Question16

Question 16:Gastric secretion is inhibited by __________.

trypsin

secretin

pepsinogen

gastrin

Question17

Question 17:Which of the following is secreted by the stomach?

gastrin

galactase

ptyalin

secretin

Question18

Question 18:Which division of the small intestine contains the Brunner glands?

jejunum

ileum

duodenum

cecum

Question19

Question 19:Which of the following enzymes is NOT found in pancreatic juice?

pepsin

amylase

lipase

chymotrypsin

Question20

Question 20:Bile entering the gallbladder must pass through the __________.

hepatopancreatic sphincter

duodenal papilla

cystic duct

common hepatic duct

Question21

Question 21:Which hormone promotes the flow of bile and of pancreatic juice containing enzymes?

gastrin

secretin

cholecystokinin

enterogastrone

Question22

Question 22:The longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the __________.

vermiform appendix

taenia coli

epiploic appendages

haustra

Question23

Question 23:The vermiform appendix is dominated by what type of lymphatic structures in the mucosa and submucosa?

lymphoid nodules

lymph nodes

Peyer patches

epiploic appendices

Question24

Question 24:Which vitamins are liberated by bacterial action and absorbed in the large intestine?

vitamins C, D, and E

biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K

vitamins A, D, E, and K

thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin

Question25

Question 25:Which of the following organic nutrients are NOT absorbed by capillaries in the intestinal villi?

proteins

lipids

carbohydrates

None of the listed responses is correct.

Question26

Question 26:The nutrients that can be absorbed without preliminary processing but may involve special transport mechanisms are __________.

nucleic acids, minerals, and enzymes

water, electrolytes, and vitamins

lactose, fructose, and galactose

carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids

Question27

Question 27:The enzyme lactase, which digests lactose to glucose and galactose, is synthesized by __________.

the stomach

the brush border of the small intestine

chief cells

the pancreas

Question28

Question 28:Which of the following is NOT a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

activating pepsin

killing microorganisms

breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides

facilitating protein digestion

Question29

Question 29:The intestinal epithelium absorbs monosaccharides by __________.

net osmosis and diffusion

facilitated diffusion and cotransport mechanisms

carrier micelles and chylomicrons

active transport and net osmosis

Question30

Question 30:When two fluids are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, water tends to flow into the solution that has the __________.

same osmolarity on each side of the membrane

lower concentration of solutes

higher concentration of solutes

proper osmotic equilibrium

Question31

Question 31:An error in swallowing could most likely be detected by the __________.

esophagus

larynx

root of the tongue

soft palate

Question32

Question 32:Many visceral smooth muscle networks show rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of neural stimulation because of __________.

direct contact with motor neurons carrying impulses to the CNS

the single motor units that contract independently of each other

pacesetter cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger contraction of entire muscular sheets

an action potential generated and conducted over the sarcolemma

Question33

Question 33:Why can a completely dry food bolus NOT be swallowed?

The dry food stimulates sympathetic activity, inhibiting peristalsis.

The dry food inhibits parasympathetic activity in the esophagus.

Friction with the walls of the esophagus makes peristalsis ineffective.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question34

Question 34:Gastric glands, which produce most of the gastric juice, are abundant in which of the following regions of the stomach?

fundus

pylorus

body

both fundus and body

Question35

Question 35:Which two factors play an important part in the movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine?

sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation

release of HCl and gastric juice

stomach distension and gastrin release

CNS and ANS regulation

Question36

Question 36:The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that __________.

provide for gastric contractions that churn and swirl the gastric contents

increase the total surface area for absorption

stabilize the mesenteries attached to the dorsal body wall

initiate enterogastric reflexes that accelerate the digestive process

Question37

Question 37:The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal crypts are responsible for producing which intestinal hormones?

enterokinase and aminopeptidase

gastrin and pepsinogen

biliverdin and bilirubin

cholecystokinin and secretin

Question38

Question 38:Villikinin, motilin, and somatostatin are produced in the __________.

fundus of the stomach

pancreas

small intestine

salivary glands

Question39

Question 39:The primary functions of intestinal juice include which of the following?

to dissolve digestive enzymes and the products of digestion

to assist in buffering acids

to moisten the chyme

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question40

Question 40:Which of the following causes an immediate increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peristaltic activity in all segments of the small intestine?

gastroileal reflex

the presence of intestinal juice

enterogastric reflex

gastroenteric reflex

Question41

Question 41:The primary effect of secretin is to cause __________.

an increase in gastric motility and secretory rates

an increase in release of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum

a decrease in duodenal submucosal secretions

an increase in secretion of bile and buffers by the liver and the pancreas

Question42

Question 42:Which peptide hormone causes the release of insulin from the pancreatic islets?

GTP

VIP

CCK

GIP

Question43

Question 43:How does the mucosa of the rectum compare with that of the colon and cecum?

The colon and cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with stratified squamous epithelium because it is next to an opening to the exterior.

The rectum is lined with stratified columnar epithelium, whereas the colon and cecum are lined with simple columnar epithelium.

The colon and cecum are lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with transitional epithelium to allow for expansion during defecation.

None of the listed responses is correct; the epithelial lining is constant throughout the large intestine.

Question44

Question 44:The muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and the cecum is the __________.

taenia coli

gastrointestinal sphincter

ileocecal valve

pyloric sphincter

Question45

Question 45:Which produces the LEAST number of contractions to force food through the digestive tract on a daily basis?

esophagus

small intestine

stomach

large intestine

Question46

Question 46:What is the average composition of the fecal waste material?

20 percent water, 5 percent bacteria, 75 percent indigestible remains and inorganic matter

60 percent water, 10 percent bacteria, 30 percent indigestible and inorganic matter

45 percent water, 45 percent indigestible and inorganic matter, 10 percent bacteria

75 percent water, 5 percent bacteria, 20 percent indigestible materials, inorganic matter, and epithelial remains

Question47

Question 47:The hormone gastrin __________.

is secreted by the pancreatic islets

is produced in response to sympathetic stimulation

inhibits the activity of the muscularis externa of the stomach

increases the activity of parietal and chief cells

Question48

Question 48:The two positive feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are __________.

the anorectal canal and the rectal columns

internal and external sphincter muscles

mass movements and peristaltic contractions

stretch receptors in rectal walls and the sacral parasympathetic system

Question49

Question 49:The "doorway to the liver" (porta hepatis) is a complex that includes the __________.

left lobe, right lobe, and round ligament

bile duct, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic artery

hilum, bile duct, and cystic duct

caudate lobe, quadrate lobe, and hepatic duct

Question50

Question 50:Triglycerides coated with proteins create a complex known as a __________.

cotransport

chylomicron

glycerolproteinase

micelle


Metabolism refers to __________.

only the digestion of foods and production of wastes

only the intake of sodium in foods and the loss of sodium in sweat and tears

only the balance between drinking water and sweating

all the chemical reactions in the body

Question2

Question 2:Neurons must be provided with a reliable supply of glucose because they are __________.

primarily located in the brain

usually unable to metabolize other molecules

involved primarily with transmitting nerve impulses

covered with myelinated fibrous sheaths

Question3

Question 3:In resting skeletal muscles, a significant portion of the metabolic demand is met through the __________.

catabolism of glycogen

catabolism of glucose

catabolism of fatty acids

anabolism of ADP to ATP

Question4

Question 4:The process that breaks down organic substrates, releasing energy that can be used to synthesize ATP or other high-energy compounds, is __________.

catabolism

metabolism

oxidation

anabolism

Question5

Question 5:In terms of the movement of electrons, the gain of electrons is called reduction, whereas the loss is called __________.

catabolism

anabolism

metabolism

oxidation

Question6

Question 6:In glycolysis, six-carbon glucose molecules are broken down into two three-carbon molecules of __________.

pyruvic acid

oxaloacetic acid

citric acid

acetyl-CoA

Question7

Question 7:The first step in a sequence of enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of __________.

citric acid

acetyl-CoA

oxaloacetic acid

pyruvic acid

Question8

Question 8:For each glucose molecule converted to two pyruvates, the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis provides a net gain of __________.

2 ATP for the cell

4 ATP for the cell

36 ATP for the cell

38 ATP for the cell

Question9

Question 9:For each glucose molecule processed during aerobic cellular respiration, the cell gains __________.

4 molecules of ATP

24 molecules of ATP

32 molecules of ATP

36 molecules of ATP

Question10

Question 10:Why is it that lipids CANNOT provide large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a short period of time?

Lipid reserves are difficult to mobilize.

Most lipids are processed in mitochondria, and mitochondrial activity is limited by the availability of oxygen.

Lipids are insoluble, and it is difficult for water-soluble enzymes to reach them.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question11

Question 11:Although small quantities of lipids are normally stored in the liver, most of the synthesized triglycerides are bound to __________.

hepatocytes in the liver

adipocytes

glucose molecules

transport proteins

Question12

Question 12:The factors that make protein catabolism an IMPRACTICAL source of quick energy include which of the following?

One of the by-products, ammonia, is a toxin that can damage cells.

Proteins are more difficult to break apart.

Proteins are important structural and functional cellular components.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question13

Question 13:A diet deficient in essential fatty acids would __________.

alter the appearance of the skin

slow growth

cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins

slow growth, alter the appearance of the skin, and cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins

Question14

Question 14:Which of the following individuals does NOT need to modify his or her daily activities to help regulate cholesterol levels?

a 40-year-old woman who weighs 135 pounds, has a total cholesterol level of 150 mg/dL, and does not have a history of atherosclerosis

a 40-year old man who weighs 185 pounds, has a cholesterol level of 250 mg/dL, and does have a history of atherosclerosis

a 40-year-old woman who weighs 200 pounds, has a cholesterol level of 235 mg/dL, and does not have a history of atherosclerosis

None of these individuals needs to modify his or her daily activities.

Question15

Question 15:Which of the following are coenzymes that deliver hydrogen ions and electrons to the ETS in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

NADH and FADH2

acetyl CoA

NADH

FADH2

Question16

Question 16:If excess glucose still remains in the circulation after glycogen formation, the hepatocytes use glucose to __________.

synthesize triglycerides

repair tissues

regulate metabolism

provide energy

Question17

Question 17:When blood glucose concentrations are elevated, the glucose molecules are __________.

used to build proteins

used for tissue repair

catabolized for energy

catabolized for energy, used to build proteins, and used for tissue repair

Question18

Question 18:Before the large vitamin B12 molecule can be absorbed, it must be bound to __________.

vitamin C

intrinsic factor

the gastric epithelium

another water-soluble vitamin

Question19

Question 19:Which of the following people would be in positive nitrogen balance?

athletes in training

a pregnant woman

growing children

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question20

Question 20:Which of the following foods are DEFICIENT in dietary fiber?

breads and cereals

milk and meat

rice and pastas

vegetables and fruits

Question21

Question 21:Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin necessary for synthesis of visual pigments?

vitamin C

vitamin D

vitamin A

vitamin K

Question22

Question 22:Why are minerals, vitamins, and water classified as essential nutrients?

They are the major providers of calories for the body.

They are used by the body in large quantities.

The body cannot synthesize the nutrients in sufficient quantities.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question23

Question 23:The trace minerals found in extremely small quantities in the body include __________.

phosphorus, zinc, copper, and potassium

phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, and iron

sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium

iron, zinc, copper, and manganese

Question24

Question 24:Why is hypervitaminosis involving water-soluble vitamins relatively UNCOMMON?

Excessive amounts are stored in the bones.

Excessive amounts are stored in adipose tissue.

Excessive amounts are readily excreted in the urine.

Excessive amounts are readily absorbed into skeletal muscle tissue.

Question25

Question 25:To examine the metabolic state of an individual, results may be expressed as __________.

calories per unit of body weight per day

calories per hour

calories per day

calories per hour, calories per day, and calories per unit of body weight per day

Question26

Question 26:An individual's basal metabolic rate ideally represents __________.

the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person

the daily energy expenditures for a given individual

genetic differences among ethnic groups

the amounts of circulating hormone levels in the body

Question27

Question 27:NAD, a key coenzyme used in the process of producing ATP, is produced from which water-soluble vitamin?

vitamin B2

niacin

vitamin B12

riboflavin

Question28

Question 28:The four processes involved in heat exchange with the environment are __________.

thermogenesis, dynamic action, pyrexia, and thermolysis

sensible, insensible, heat loss, and heat gain

physiological, behavioral, generational, and acclimatization

radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation

Question29

Question 29:Phoebe grew up in Alaska's interior and used to play with her friends at recess in temperatures of −20°F. In fact, her school was not canceled until the temperatures reached −50°F. Which of the following terms describes her adaptation to Alaska's frigid winter climate?

perspiration

convection

acclimatization

radiation

Question30

Question 30:Lucy, a 35-year-old woman, says she CANNOT lose the fat around her abdomen because it is brown fat. You correct her by saying that the only people with brown fat are __________.

infants

teenagers

elderly men

anorexic women

Question31

Question 31:A cell with excess carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids will break down carbohydrates to __________.

obtain energy

provide metabolic regulation

provide tissue growth and repair

obtain energy, provide tissue growth and repair, and provide metabolic regulation

Question32

Question 32:Why is it that fatty acids and many amino acids CANNOT be converted to glucose?

Other organic molecules cannot be converted to glucose.

They are not used for energy production.

Their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA.

Glucose is necessary to start the metabolic processes.

Question33

Question 33:Why can lipogenesis use almost any organic substrate?

Triglycerides are the most abundant lipids in the body.

Lipid molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Lipids can be converted and channeled directly into the Krebs cycle.

Lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates can be converted to acetyl-CoA.

Question34

Question 34:During open-heart surgery, which of the following thermoregulatory changes will be induced on the patient's body?

sweating

hypothermia

heat exhaustion

nonshivering thermogenesis

Question35

Question 35:The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is __________.

70 cal/hr or 1680 cal/day in the average individual

measured by monitoring respiratory activity

the minimum resting energy of an awake, alert person

all of the listed responses

Question36

Question 36:No kidding: The town of Nederland, Colorado, has a winter festival called Frozen Dead Guy Days. A man named Bredo Morstoel, a native Norwegian, was born in 1900 and died in 1989. After his death, his grandson had his body cryogenically frozen and stored it in a shed in Colorado until a future date when he supposedly will be resuscitated. Why will this thawing procedure NOT bring Mr. Morstoel back to life?

Death had already occurred before the freezing process.

Freezing temperatures cause water to expand, which would burst cell membranes.

The ratio of surface area to volume is low in Mr. Morstoel's body, meaning that ice crystals would have formed during the freezing process.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question37

Question 37:The efficiency rate for the complete catabolism of glucose is about __________.

12 percent

32 percent

42 percent

90 percent

Question38

Question 38:Which of the following hormones exhibits its influence most during the postabsorptive state?

estrogen

glucagon

insulin

growth hormone

Question39

Question 39:Lipids circulate through the bloodstream as __________.

saturated fats

unsaturated fats

lipoproteins and free fatty acids

polyunsaturated fat

Question40

Question 40:What is the primary function of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)?

transporting cholesterol to peripheral tissues

carrying absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to circulation

transporting the triglycerides to peripheral tissues

transporting cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver

Question41

Question 41:LDLs are absorbed by cells through the process of __________.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

facilitated diffusion

simple diffusion

active transport

Question42

Question 42:In the beta-oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid molecule, the cell gains __________.

36 ATP

38 ATP

78 ATP

144 ATP

Question43

Question 43:Excess cholesterol leaves somatic cells and is absorbed by __________, which then transport the cholesterol back to the liver.

HDLs

VLDLs

LDLs

chylomicrons

Question44

Question 44:Under normal circumstances, if you eat three meals a day, the body will spend approximately 12 hours in the __________.

absorptive state

postabsorptive state

digestion of food

excretion of waste

Question45

Question 45:The most important factors in good nutrition are to obtain nutrients __________.

from the food pyramid

that meet the recommended daily intakes

that are low in fats and high in dietary fiber

in sufficient quantity and quality

Question46

Question 46:Which of the following is an important energy source during periods of starvation, when glucose supplies are limited?

lipoproteins

glycerol

cholesterol

free fatty acids

Question47

Question 47:Which of the following selections includes ONLY essential amino acids for a growing child?

valine, tyrosine, leucine, serine, alanine

leucine, lysine, valine, tryptophan, arginine

aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, glycine, alanine

proline, serine, cysteine, glutamine, histidine

Question48

Question 48:Milk and eggs are complete proteins because they contain __________.

all the essential amino acids in sufficient quantities

more protein than fat

the recommended intake for vitamin B12

all the essential fatty acids and amino acids

Question49

Question 49:Which of the following is a nitrogen compound important in energy storage in muscle tissue?

creatine

pyrimidine

glycoprotein

porphyrin

Question50

Question 50:The synthesis of glucose from nonglucose precursors is known as __________.

beta-oxidation

glycogenesis

gluconeogenesis

lipolysis


Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

elimination of waste into the environment

introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma

homeostatic regulation of the volume and solute concentration of blood plasma

removal of organic waste products from body fluids

Question2

Question 2:The openings of the urethra and the two ureters mark an area on the internal surface of the urinary bladder called the __________.

internal urethral sphincter

external urethral sphincter

renal sinus

trigone

Question3

Question 3:What is the initial factor that determines whether urine will be produced?

filtration

activation

secretion

absorption

Question4

Question 4:The region of the kidney containing the renal pyramids, renal columns, and interlobar arteries is called the __________.

renal medulla

renal cortex

renal functional unit

renal pelvis

Question5

Question 5:ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in __________.

the nephron loop

both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting system

the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

the collecting system

Question6

Question 6:What are the three concentric layers of connective tissue that protect and anchor the kidneys?

cortex, medulla, and papillae

fibrous capsule, perinephric fat capsule, and renal fascia

hilum, renal sinus, and renal corpuscle

major calyces, minor calyces, and renal pyramids

Question7

Question 7:Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the __________.

segmental veins

afferent arterioles

peritubular capillaries

interlobular veins

Question8

Question 8:In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the __________.

nephron loop and the collecting and papillary ducts

renal corpuscle, renal tubule, and renal pelvis

collecting tubule, collecting duct, and papillary duct

proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop

Question9

Question 9:What is the primary site in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated?

proximal convoluted tubule

glomerulus

nephron loop and collecting duct

distal convoluted tubule

Question10

Question 10:Which of the following is NOT reabsorbed in the nephron loop?

bicarbonate

water

sodium

chloride

Question11

Question 11:What is the primary site for secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the filtrate?

proximal convoluted tubule

renal corpuscle

distal convoluted tubule

nephron loop

Question12

Question 12:The filtration of plasma that generates approximately 80 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the __________.

renal corpuscle

proximal convoluted tubule

distal convoluted tubule

nephron loop

Question13

Question 13:Sixty to 70 percent of the water is reabsorbed in the __________.

distal convoluted tubule

proximal convoluted tubule

collecting duct

renal corpuscle

Question14

Question 14:Which portion of the renal segment is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation?

proximal convoluted tubule

vasa recta

distal convoluted tubule

nephron loop

Question15

Question 15:Dilation of the afferent arteriole and glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole when blood flow and glomerular pressure decline cause __________.

an increase in the secretion of renin and erythropoietin

decrease in glomerular blood pressure

elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels

decrease in the glomerular filtration rate

Question16

Question 16:Which of the following organic wastes is generated from the catabolism of amino acids?

urea

uric acid

creatinine

None of the listed responses is correct.

Question17

Question 17:The average pH for normal urine is about __________.

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Question18

Question 18:Autoregulation controls the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by __________.

dilation of the afferent arteriole

constriction of the efferent arteriole

dilation of the glomerular capillaries

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question19

Question 19:The pressure that represents the resistance to flow along the nephron and conducting system is the __________.

capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

capsular colloid osmotic pressure (CCOP)

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

Question20

Question 20:Which mechanism is important in the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids when their concentrations in the filtrate are relatively high?

pinocytosis

facilitated transport

active transport

countertransport

Question21

Question 21:What is the primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron?

nephron loop

renal corpuscle

proximal convoluted tubule

distal convoluted tubule

Question22

Question 22:In countercurrent multiplication, the countercurrent refers to the fact that an exchange occurs between __________.

sodium ions and chloride ions

solute concentrations in the nephron loop

potassium and chloride ions

fluids moving in opposite directions

Question23

Question 23:What is the result of the countercurrent multiplication mechanism?

osmotic flow of water from peritubular fluid into the descending limb of the nephron loop

increased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop

decreased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop

decreased transport of sodium and chloride in the ascending limb of the nephron loop

Question24

Question 24:When antidiuretic hormone levels rise, the distal convoluted tubule becomes __________.

less permeable to water; reabsorption of water increases

less permeable to water; reabsorption of water decreases

more permeable to water; water reabsorption decreases

more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases

Question25

Question 25:What results from the effect of aldosterone along the DCT, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct?

increased sodium ion excretion

decreased sodium ion reabsorption in the DCT

increased sodium ion and water excretion

increased conservation of sodium ions and water

Question26

Question 26:The ureters are lined by what kind of epithelium, which allows them to be stretched when undergoing peristalsis and moving urine?

stratified squamous

simple columnar

transitional

simple cuboidal

Question27

Question 27:What is the expanded, funnel-shaped structure in the kidney leading to the ureter?

renal calyces

renal hilum

urethra

renal pelvis

Question28

Question 28:Contraction of the muscular bladder forces the urine out of the body through the __________.

urethra

nephron

penis

ureter

Question29

Question 29:During the micturition reflex, increased afferent fiber activity in the pelvic nerves facilitates __________.

urine ejection caused by contractions of the internal and external sphincter

the action of stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder

parasympathetic motor neurons in the sacral spinal cord

sympathetic sensory neurons in the sacral spinal cord

Question30

Question 30:Kidney stones, or calculi, can be formed by deposits of __________.

magnesium salts

calcium

uric acid

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question31

Question 31:Which of the following causes urinary incontinence?

the loss of muscle tone in the urinary sphincter muscles

lack of ADH production

prolonged increase in the GFR

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question32

Question 32:The renal corpuscle consists of __________.

renal columns and renal pyramids

the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus

the cortex and the medulla

major and minor calyces

Question33

Question 33:The filtration process within the renal corpuscle involves passage across the filtration membrane, which consists of __________.

podocytes, pedicels, and slit pores

collecting tubules, collecting ducts, and papillary ducts

capsular space, tubular pole, and macula densa

fenestrated capillary endothelium, dense layer, and filtration slits

Question34

Question 34:The thin segments in the nephron loop are __________.

freely permeable to water, ions, and other solutes

relatively impermeable to water, ions, and other solutes

freely permeable to water and relatively impermeable to ions and other solutes

relatively impermeable to water and freely permeable to ions and other solutes

Question35

Question 35:The thick segments in the nephron loop __________.

contain diffusion mechanisms for getting rid of excess water

contain an aldosterone-regulated pump

contain transport mechanisms that pump materials out of the filtrate

are characterized by ADH-regulated permeability

Question36

Question 36:The collecting system in the kidney is responsible for __________.

absorption of nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the filtrate

active secretion and reabsorption of sodium ions

creation of the medullary concentration gradient

making final adjustments to the sodium ion concentration and volume of urine

Question37

Question 37:Which of the following systems is NOT used to excrete wastes from the body?

respiratory system

digestive system

lymphatic system

integumentary system

Question38

Question 38:Sympathetic innervation into the kidney is responsible for __________.

stimulation of renin release

regulation of glomerular blood flow and pressure

direct stimulation of water and sodium ion reabsorption

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question39

Question 39:When plasma glucose concentrations are higher than the renal threshold, glucose concentrations in the filtrate exceed the transport maximum (Tm), and __________.

glucose is transported across the membrane by countertransport

the glucose is filtered out at the glomerulus

glucose appears in the urine

the individual has eaten excessive amounts of sweets

Question40

Question 40:What is the outward pressure forcing water and solute molecules across the glomerulus wall?

capsular hydrostatic pressure

blood colloid osmotic pressure

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

capsular colloid osmotic pressure

Question41

Question 41:What are the opposing forces of the filtration pressure at the glomerulus?

capsular hydrostatic pressure and glomerular hydrostatic pressure

blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate

glomerular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure

capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure

Question42

Question 42:At a volume of __________ mL, there may be sufficient pressure in the bladder to force the opening of the internal urinary sphincter and, consequently, the external urinary sphincter.

200

250

400

500

Question43

Question 43:Inadequate ADH secretion results in the inability to reclaim the water entering the filtrate, causing __________.

dehydration

anuria

dysuria

glycosuria

Question44

Question 44:What is the triple-layered muscle responsible for urinary bladder contractions?

urethral meatus

trigone

detrusor

internal urinary sphincter

Question45

Question 45:Aldosterone stimulates ion pumps along the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct, causing __________.

a decrease in the concentration of the filtrate

an increase in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine

countercurrent multiplication

a reduction in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine

Question46

Question 46:The high osmotic concentrations found in the kidney medulla are primarily caused by the presence of __________.

sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea

hydrogen and ammonium ions

excessive amounts of water

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question47

Question 47:To regulate pH, all of the following are secreted into the fluid in the collecting system EXCEPT __________.

iron

hydrogen

All of the listed responses are correct.

bicarbonate

Question48

Question 48:Angiotensin II is a potent hormone that __________.

stimulates secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex and epinephrine by the adrenal medulla

causes constriction of the efferent arteriole at the nephron

triggers the release of ADH in the CNS

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question49

Question 49:Sympathetic innervation of the afferent arterioles causes __________.

a decrease in GFR and slowing of filtrate production

an increase in GFR and a slowing of filtrate production

a decrease in GFR and an increase in filtrate production

an increase in GFR and an increase in filtrate production

Question50

Question 50:During periods of strenuous exercise, sympathetic activation causes the blood flow to __________.

be shunted toward the kidneys

increase to the skin and skeletal muscles and decrease to the kidneys

cause an increase in GFR

decrease to the skin and skeletal muscles and increase to the kidneys

knowt logo

Blah

Which of the following digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the esophagus?

pharynx

gallbladder

salivary glands

stomach

Question2

Question 2:The active process that occurs when materials enter the digestive tract via the mouth is __________.

excretion

ingestion

secretion

absorption

Question3

Question 3:Sympathetic stimulation of the muscularis externa promotes __________.

muscular inhibition and relaxation

muscular contraction and increased excitation

increased digestive and gastric motility

increased muscular tone and activity

Question4

Question 4:Which of the following statements about peritonitis is FALSE?

It is an inflammation of the peritoneal membrane.

It can be caused by bacteria entering the abdominal cavity during a surgical procedure.

It could be caused by a burst appendix.

It leads to inflammation of the digestive mucosa.

Question5

Question 5:Which of the following major layers of the digestive tract is described as a layer of dense irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels and the plexus of Meissner?

muscularis externa

mucosa

submucosa

serosa

Question6

Question 6:Strong contractions from the transverse colon to the rest of the large intestine that move the contents of the colon toward the sigmoid colon are called __________.

mass movements

pendular movements

defecation

segmentation

Question7

Question 7:Which of the following salivary glands produce salivary amylase, a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme?

sublingual glands

parotid glands

submandibular salivary glands

both parotid glands and submandibular salivary glands

Question8

Question 8:Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?

lubrication of the mouth

lubrication of food

initial digestion of carbohydrates

initial digestion of proteins

Question9

Question 9:The three pairs of salivary glands that secrete into the oral cavity include the __________.

lingual, labial, and frenulum

pharyngeal, palatoglossal, and palatopharyngeal

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

uvular, ankyloglossic, and hypoglossal

Question10

Question 10:Crushing, mashing, and grinding of food are best accomplished by the action of the __________.

bicuspids

incisors

cuspids

eyeteeth

Question11

Question 11:The three phases of deglutition are __________.

buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal

pharyngeal, palatopharyngeal, and stylopharyngeal

palatal, lingual, and mesial

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

Question12

Question 12:On its way to the esophagus, food normally passes through the __________.

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

pharyngeal sphincter

lower esophageal sphincter

oropharynx and laryngopharynx, lower esophageal sphincter, and pharyngeal sphincter

Question13

Question 13:The pharyngeal muscles that push the food bolus toward the esophagus are the __________.

pharyngeal constrictor muscles

palatus muscles

stylopharyngeus muscles

palatopharyngeus muscles

Question14

Question 14:Solid food and liquids are carried from the pharyngeal region to the stomach by the __________.

oropharynx

nasopharynx

laryngopharynx

esophagus

Question15

Question 15:The inferior end of the esophagus normally remains in a state of active contraction that __________.

initiates the movement of food from the stomach into the small intestine

allows food to move rapidly into the stomach

prevents air from entering into the esophagus

prevents the backflow of materials from the stomach into the esophagus

Question16

Question 16:Gastric secretion is inhibited by __________.

trypsin

secretin

pepsinogen

gastrin

Question17

Question 17:Which of the following is secreted by the stomach?

gastrin

galactase

ptyalin

secretin

Question18

Question 18:Which division of the small intestine contains the Brunner glands?

jejunum

ileum

duodenum

cecum

Question19

Question 19:Which of the following enzymes is NOT found in pancreatic juice?

pepsin

amylase

lipase

chymotrypsin

Question20

Question 20:Bile entering the gallbladder must pass through the __________.

hepatopancreatic sphincter

duodenal papilla

cystic duct

common hepatic duct

Question21

Question 21:Which hormone promotes the flow of bile and of pancreatic juice containing enzymes?

gastrin

secretin

cholecystokinin

enterogastrone

Question22

Question 22:The longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the __________.

vermiform appendix

taenia coli

epiploic appendages

haustra

Question23

Question 23:The vermiform appendix is dominated by what type of lymphatic structures in the mucosa and submucosa?

lymphoid nodules

lymph nodes

Peyer patches

epiploic appendices

Question24

Question 24:Which vitamins are liberated by bacterial action and absorbed in the large intestine?

vitamins C, D, and E

biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K

vitamins A, D, E, and K

thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin

Question25

Question 25:Which of the following organic nutrients are NOT absorbed by capillaries in the intestinal villi?

proteins

lipids

carbohydrates

None of the listed responses is correct.

Question26

Question 26:The nutrients that can be absorbed without preliminary processing but may involve special transport mechanisms are __________.

nucleic acids, minerals, and enzymes

water, electrolytes, and vitamins

lactose, fructose, and galactose

carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids

Question27

Question 27:The enzyme lactase, which digests lactose to glucose and galactose, is synthesized by __________.

the stomach

the brush border of the small intestine

chief cells

the pancreas

Question28

Question 28:Which of the following is NOT a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

activating pepsin

killing microorganisms

breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides

facilitating protein digestion

Question29

Question 29:The intestinal epithelium absorbs monosaccharides by __________.

net osmosis and diffusion

facilitated diffusion and cotransport mechanisms

carrier micelles and chylomicrons

active transport and net osmosis

Question30

Question 30:When two fluids are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, water tends to flow into the solution that has the __________.

same osmolarity on each side of the membrane

lower concentration of solutes

higher concentration of solutes

proper osmotic equilibrium

Question31

Question 31:An error in swallowing could most likely be detected by the __________.

esophagus

larynx

root of the tongue

soft palate

Question32

Question 32:Many visceral smooth muscle networks show rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of neural stimulation because of __________.

direct contact with motor neurons carrying impulses to the CNS

the single motor units that contract independently of each other

pacesetter cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger contraction of entire muscular sheets

an action potential generated and conducted over the sarcolemma

Question33

Question 33:Why can a completely dry food bolus NOT be swallowed?

The dry food stimulates sympathetic activity, inhibiting peristalsis.

The dry food inhibits parasympathetic activity in the esophagus.

Friction with the walls of the esophagus makes peristalsis ineffective.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question34

Question 34:Gastric glands, which produce most of the gastric juice, are abundant in which of the following regions of the stomach?

fundus

pylorus

body

both fundus and body

Question35

Question 35:Which two factors play an important part in the movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine?

sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation

release of HCl and gastric juice

stomach distension and gastrin release

CNS and ANS regulation

Question36

Question 36:The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that __________.

provide for gastric contractions that churn and swirl the gastric contents

increase the total surface area for absorption

stabilize the mesenteries attached to the dorsal body wall

initiate enterogastric reflexes that accelerate the digestive process

Question37

Question 37:The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal crypts are responsible for producing which intestinal hormones?

enterokinase and aminopeptidase

gastrin and pepsinogen

biliverdin and bilirubin

cholecystokinin and secretin

Question38

Question 38:Villikinin, motilin, and somatostatin are produced in the __________.

fundus of the stomach

pancreas

small intestine

salivary glands

Question39

Question 39:The primary functions of intestinal juice include which of the following?

to dissolve digestive enzymes and the products of digestion

to assist in buffering acids

to moisten the chyme

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question40

Question 40:Which of the following causes an immediate increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peristaltic activity in all segments of the small intestine?

gastroileal reflex

the presence of intestinal juice

enterogastric reflex

gastroenteric reflex

Question41

Question 41:The primary effect of secretin is to cause __________.

an increase in gastric motility and secretory rates

an increase in release of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum

a decrease in duodenal submucosal secretions

an increase in secretion of bile and buffers by the liver and the pancreas

Question42

Question 42:Which peptide hormone causes the release of insulin from the pancreatic islets?

GTP

VIP

CCK

GIP

Question43

Question 43:How does the mucosa of the rectum compare with that of the colon and cecum?

The colon and cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with stratified squamous epithelium because it is next to an opening to the exterior.

The rectum is lined with stratified columnar epithelium, whereas the colon and cecum are lined with simple columnar epithelium.

The colon and cecum are lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with transitional epithelium to allow for expansion during defecation.

None of the listed responses is correct; the epithelial lining is constant throughout the large intestine.

Question44

Question 44:The muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and the cecum is the __________.

taenia coli

gastrointestinal sphincter

ileocecal valve

pyloric sphincter

Question45

Question 45:Which produces the LEAST number of contractions to force food through the digestive tract on a daily basis?

esophagus

small intestine

stomach

large intestine

Question46

Question 46:What is the average composition of the fecal waste material?

20 percent water, 5 percent bacteria, 75 percent indigestible remains and inorganic matter

60 percent water, 10 percent bacteria, 30 percent indigestible and inorganic matter

45 percent water, 45 percent indigestible and inorganic matter, 10 percent bacteria

75 percent water, 5 percent bacteria, 20 percent indigestible materials, inorganic matter, and epithelial remains

Question47

Question 47:The hormone gastrin __________.

is secreted by the pancreatic islets

is produced in response to sympathetic stimulation

inhibits the activity of the muscularis externa of the stomach

increases the activity of parietal and chief cells

Question48

Question 48:The two positive feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are __________.

the anorectal canal and the rectal columns

internal and external sphincter muscles

mass movements and peristaltic contractions

stretch receptors in rectal walls and the sacral parasympathetic system

Question49

Question 49:The "doorway to the liver" (porta hepatis) is a complex that includes the __________.

left lobe, right lobe, and round ligament

bile duct, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic artery

hilum, bile duct, and cystic duct

caudate lobe, quadrate lobe, and hepatic duct

Question50

Question 50:Triglycerides coated with proteins create a complex known as a __________.

cotransport

chylomicron

glycerolproteinase

micelle

Metabolism refers to __________.

only the digestion of foods and production of wastes

only the intake of sodium in foods and the loss of sodium in sweat and tears

only the balance between drinking water and sweating

all the chemical reactions in the body

Question2

Question 2:Neurons must be provided with a reliable supply of glucose because they are __________.

primarily located in the brain

usually unable to metabolize other molecules

involved primarily with transmitting nerve impulses

covered with myelinated fibrous sheaths

Question3

Question 3:In resting skeletal muscles, a significant portion of the metabolic demand is met through the __________.

catabolism of glycogen

catabolism of glucose

catabolism of fatty acids

anabolism of ADP to ATP

Question4

Question 4:The process that breaks down organic substrates, releasing energy that can be used to synthesize ATP or other high-energy compounds, is __________.

catabolism

metabolism

oxidation

anabolism

Question5

Question 5:In terms of the movement of electrons, the gain of electrons is called reduction, whereas the loss is called __________.

catabolism

anabolism

metabolism

oxidation

Question6

Question 6:In glycolysis, six-carbon glucose molecules are broken down into two three-carbon molecules of __________.

pyruvic acid

oxaloacetic acid

citric acid

acetyl-CoA

Question7

Question 7:The first step in a sequence of enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of __________.

citric acid

acetyl-CoA

oxaloacetic acid

pyruvic acid

Question8

Question 8:For each glucose molecule converted to two pyruvates, the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis provides a net gain of __________.

2 ATP for the cell

4 ATP for the cell

36 ATP for the cell

38 ATP for the cell

Question9

Question 9:For each glucose molecule processed during aerobic cellular respiration, the cell gains __________.

4 molecules of ATP

24 molecules of ATP

32 molecules of ATP

36 molecules of ATP

Question10

Question 10:Why is it that lipids CANNOT provide large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a short period of time?

Lipid reserves are difficult to mobilize.

Most lipids are processed in mitochondria, and mitochondrial activity is limited by the availability of oxygen.

Lipids are insoluble, and it is difficult for water-soluble enzymes to reach them.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question11

Question 11:Although small quantities of lipids are normally stored in the liver, most of the synthesized triglycerides are bound to __________.

hepatocytes in the liver

adipocytes

glucose molecules

transport proteins

Question12

Question 12:The factors that make protein catabolism an IMPRACTICAL source of quick energy include which of the following?

One of the by-products, ammonia, is a toxin that can damage cells.

Proteins are more difficult to break apart.

Proteins are important structural and functional cellular components.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question13

Question 13:A diet deficient in essential fatty acids would __________.

alter the appearance of the skin

slow growth

cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins

slow growth, alter the appearance of the skin, and cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins

Question14

Question 14:Which of the following individuals does NOT need to modify his or her daily activities to help regulate cholesterol levels?

a 40-year-old woman who weighs 135 pounds, has a total cholesterol level of 150 mg/dL, and does not have a history of atherosclerosis

a 40-year old man who weighs 185 pounds, has a cholesterol level of 250 mg/dL, and does have a history of atherosclerosis

a 40-year-old woman who weighs 200 pounds, has a cholesterol level of 235 mg/dL, and does not have a history of atherosclerosis

None of these individuals needs to modify his or her daily activities.

Question15

Question 15:Which of the following are coenzymes that deliver hydrogen ions and electrons to the ETS in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

NADH and FADH2

acetyl CoA

NADH

FADH2

Question16

Question 16:If excess glucose still remains in the circulation after glycogen formation, the hepatocytes use glucose to __________.

synthesize triglycerides

repair tissues

regulate metabolism

provide energy

Question17

Question 17:When blood glucose concentrations are elevated, the glucose molecules are __________.

used to build proteins

used for tissue repair

catabolized for energy

catabolized for energy, used to build proteins, and used for tissue repair

Question18

Question 18:Before the large vitamin B12 molecule can be absorbed, it must be bound to __________.

vitamin C

intrinsic factor

the gastric epithelium

another water-soluble vitamin

Question19

Question 19:Which of the following people would be in positive nitrogen balance?

athletes in training

a pregnant woman

growing children

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question20

Question 20:Which of the following foods are DEFICIENT in dietary fiber?

breads and cereals

milk and meat

rice and pastas

vegetables and fruits

Question21

Question 21:Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin necessary for synthesis of visual pigments?

vitamin C

vitamin D

vitamin A

vitamin K

Question22

Question 22:Why are minerals, vitamins, and water classified as essential nutrients?

They are the major providers of calories for the body.

They are used by the body in large quantities.

The body cannot synthesize the nutrients in sufficient quantities.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question23

Question 23:The trace minerals found in extremely small quantities in the body include __________.

phosphorus, zinc, copper, and potassium

phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, and iron

sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium

iron, zinc, copper, and manganese

Question24

Question 24:Why is hypervitaminosis involving water-soluble vitamins relatively UNCOMMON?

Excessive amounts are stored in the bones.

Excessive amounts are stored in adipose tissue.

Excessive amounts are readily excreted in the urine.

Excessive amounts are readily absorbed into skeletal muscle tissue.

Question25

Question 25:To examine the metabolic state of an individual, results may be expressed as __________.

calories per unit of body weight per day

calories per hour

calories per day

calories per hour, calories per day, and calories per unit of body weight per day

Question26

Question 26:An individual's basal metabolic rate ideally represents __________.

the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person

the daily energy expenditures for a given individual

genetic differences among ethnic groups

the amounts of circulating hormone levels in the body

Question27

Question 27:NAD, a key coenzyme used in the process of producing ATP, is produced from which water-soluble vitamin?

vitamin B2

niacin

vitamin B12

riboflavin

Question28

Question 28:The four processes involved in heat exchange with the environment are __________.

thermogenesis, dynamic action, pyrexia, and thermolysis

sensible, insensible, heat loss, and heat gain

physiological, behavioral, generational, and acclimatization

radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation

Question29

Question 29:Phoebe grew up in Alaska's interior and used to play with her friends at recess in temperatures of −20°F. In fact, her school was not canceled until the temperatures reached −50°F. Which of the following terms describes her adaptation to Alaska's frigid winter climate?

perspiration

convection

acclimatization

radiation

Question30

Question 30:Lucy, a 35-year-old woman, says she CANNOT lose the fat around her abdomen because it is brown fat. You correct her by saying that the only people with brown fat are __________.

infants

teenagers

elderly men

anorexic women

Question31

Question 31:A cell with excess carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids will break down carbohydrates to __________.

obtain energy

provide metabolic regulation

provide tissue growth and repair

obtain energy, provide tissue growth and repair, and provide metabolic regulation

Question32

Question 32:Why is it that fatty acids and many amino acids CANNOT be converted to glucose?

Other organic molecules cannot be converted to glucose.

They are not used for energy production.

Their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA.

Glucose is necessary to start the metabolic processes.

Question33

Question 33:Why can lipogenesis use almost any organic substrate?

Triglycerides are the most abundant lipids in the body.

Lipid molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Lipids can be converted and channeled directly into the Krebs cycle.

Lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates can be converted to acetyl-CoA.

Question34

Question 34:During open-heart surgery, which of the following thermoregulatory changes will be induced on the patient's body?

sweating

hypothermia

heat exhaustion

nonshivering thermogenesis

Question35

Question 35:The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is __________.

70 cal/hr or 1680 cal/day in the average individual

measured by monitoring respiratory activity

the minimum resting energy of an awake, alert person

all of the listed responses

Question36

Question 36:No kidding: The town of Nederland, Colorado, has a winter festival called Frozen Dead Guy Days. A man named Bredo Morstoel, a native Norwegian, was born in 1900 and died in 1989. After his death, his grandson had his body cryogenically frozen and stored it in a shed in Colorado until a future date when he supposedly will be resuscitated. Why will this thawing procedure NOT bring Mr. Morstoel back to life?

Death had already occurred before the freezing process.

Freezing temperatures cause water to expand, which would burst cell membranes.

The ratio of surface area to volume is low in Mr. Morstoel's body, meaning that ice crystals would have formed during the freezing process.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question37

Question 37:The efficiency rate for the complete catabolism of glucose is about __________.

12 percent

32 percent

42 percent

90 percent

Question38

Question 38:Which of the following hormones exhibits its influence most during the postabsorptive state?

estrogen

glucagon

insulin

growth hormone

Question39

Question 39:Lipids circulate through the bloodstream as __________.

saturated fats

unsaturated fats

lipoproteins and free fatty acids

polyunsaturated fat

Question40

Question 40:What is the primary function of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)?

transporting cholesterol to peripheral tissues

carrying absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to circulation

transporting the triglycerides to peripheral tissues

transporting cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver

Question41

Question 41:LDLs are absorbed by cells through the process of __________.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

facilitated diffusion

simple diffusion

active transport

Question42

Question 42:In the beta-oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid molecule, the cell gains __________.

36 ATP

38 ATP

78 ATP

144 ATP

Question43

Question 43:Excess cholesterol leaves somatic cells and is absorbed by __________, which then transport the cholesterol back to the liver.

HDLs

VLDLs

LDLs

chylomicrons

Question44

Question 44:Under normal circumstances, if you eat three meals a day, the body will spend approximately 12 hours in the __________.

absorptive state

postabsorptive state

digestion of food

excretion of waste

Question45

Question 45:The most important factors in good nutrition are to obtain nutrients __________.

from the food pyramid

that meet the recommended daily intakes

that are low in fats and high in dietary fiber

in sufficient quantity and quality

Question46

Question 46:Which of the following is an important energy source during periods of starvation, when glucose supplies are limited?

lipoproteins

glycerol

cholesterol

free fatty acids

Question47

Question 47:Which of the following selections includes ONLY essential amino acids for a growing child?

valine, tyrosine, leucine, serine, alanine

leucine, lysine, valine, tryptophan, arginine

aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, glycine, alanine

proline, serine, cysteine, glutamine, histidine

Question48

Question 48:Milk and eggs are complete proteins because they contain __________.

all the essential amino acids in sufficient quantities

more protein than fat

the recommended intake for vitamin B12

all the essential fatty acids and amino acids

Question49

Question 49:Which of the following is a nitrogen compound important in energy storage in muscle tissue?

creatine

pyrimidine

glycoprotein

porphyrin

Question50

Question 50:The synthesis of glucose from nonglucose precursors is known as __________.

beta-oxidation

glycogenesis

gluconeogenesis

lipolysis

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

elimination of waste into the environment

introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma

homeostatic regulation of the volume and solute concentration of blood plasma

removal of organic waste products from body fluids

Question2

Question 2:The openings of the urethra and the two ureters mark an area on the internal surface of the urinary bladder called the __________.

internal urethral sphincter

external urethral sphincter

renal sinus

trigone

Question3

Question 3:What is the initial factor that determines whether urine will be produced?

filtration

activation

secretion

absorption

Question4

Question 4:The region of the kidney containing the renal pyramids, renal columns, and interlobar arteries is called the __________.

renal medulla

renal cortex

renal functional unit

renal pelvis

Question5

Question 5:ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in __________.

the nephron loop

both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting system

the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

the collecting system

Question6

Question 6:What are the three concentric layers of connective tissue that protect and anchor the kidneys?

cortex, medulla, and papillae

fibrous capsule, perinephric fat capsule, and renal fascia

hilum, renal sinus, and renal corpuscle

major calyces, minor calyces, and renal pyramids

Question7

Question 7:Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the __________.

segmental veins

afferent arterioles

peritubular capillaries

interlobular veins

Question8

Question 8:In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the __________.

nephron loop and the collecting and papillary ducts

renal corpuscle, renal tubule, and renal pelvis

collecting tubule, collecting duct, and papillary duct

proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop

Question9

Question 9:What is the primary site in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated?

proximal convoluted tubule

glomerulus

nephron loop and collecting duct

distal convoluted tubule

Question10

Question 10:Which of the following is NOT reabsorbed in the nephron loop?

bicarbonate

water

sodium

chloride

Question11

Question 11:What is the primary site for secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the filtrate?

proximal convoluted tubule

renal corpuscle

distal convoluted tubule

nephron loop

Question12

Question 12:The filtration of plasma that generates approximately 80 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the __________.

renal corpuscle

proximal convoluted tubule

distal convoluted tubule

nephron loop

Question13

Question 13:Sixty to 70 percent of the water is reabsorbed in the __________.

distal convoluted tubule

proximal convoluted tubule

collecting duct

renal corpuscle

Question14

Question 14:Which portion of the renal segment is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation?

proximal convoluted tubule

vasa recta

distal convoluted tubule

nephron loop

Question15

Question 15:Dilation of the afferent arteriole and glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole when blood flow and glomerular pressure decline cause __________.

an increase in the secretion of renin and erythropoietin

decrease in glomerular blood pressure

elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels

decrease in the glomerular filtration rate

Question16

Question 16:Which of the following organic wastes is generated from the catabolism of amino acids?

urea

uric acid

creatinine

None of the listed responses is correct.

Question17

Question 17:The average pH for normal urine is about __________.

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Question18

Question 18:Autoregulation controls the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by __________.

dilation of the afferent arteriole

constriction of the efferent arteriole

dilation of the glomerular capillaries

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question19

Question 19:The pressure that represents the resistance to flow along the nephron and conducting system is the __________.

capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

capsular colloid osmotic pressure (CCOP)

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

Question20

Question 20:Which mechanism is important in the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids when their concentrations in the filtrate are relatively high?

pinocytosis

facilitated transport

active transport

countertransport

Question21

Question 21:What is the primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron?

nephron loop

renal corpuscle

proximal convoluted tubule

distal convoluted tubule

Question22

Question 22:In countercurrent multiplication, the countercurrent refers to the fact that an exchange occurs between __________.

sodium ions and chloride ions

solute concentrations in the nephron loop

potassium and chloride ions

fluids moving in opposite directions

Question23

Question 23:What is the result of the countercurrent multiplication mechanism?

osmotic flow of water from peritubular fluid into the descending limb of the nephron loop

increased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop

decreased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop

decreased transport of sodium and chloride in the ascending limb of the nephron loop

Question24

Question 24:When antidiuretic hormone levels rise, the distal convoluted tubule becomes __________.

less permeable to water; reabsorption of water increases

less permeable to water; reabsorption of water decreases

more permeable to water; water reabsorption decreases

more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases

Question25

Question 25:What results from the effect of aldosterone along the DCT, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct?

increased sodium ion excretion

decreased sodium ion reabsorption in the DCT

increased sodium ion and water excretion

increased conservation of sodium ions and water

Question26

Question 26:The ureters are lined by what kind of epithelium, which allows them to be stretched when undergoing peristalsis and moving urine?

stratified squamous

simple columnar

transitional

simple cuboidal

Question27

Question 27:What is the expanded, funnel-shaped structure in the kidney leading to the ureter?

renal calyces

renal hilum

urethra

renal pelvis

Question28

Question 28:Contraction of the muscular bladder forces the urine out of the body through the __________.

urethra

nephron

penis

ureter

Question29

Question 29:During the micturition reflex, increased afferent fiber activity in the pelvic nerves facilitates __________.

urine ejection caused by contractions of the internal and external sphincter

the action of stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder

parasympathetic motor neurons in the sacral spinal cord

sympathetic sensory neurons in the sacral spinal cord

Question30

Question 30:Kidney stones, or calculi, can be formed by deposits of __________.

magnesium salts

calcium

uric acid

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question31

Question 31:Which of the following causes urinary incontinence?

the loss of muscle tone in the urinary sphincter muscles

lack of ADH production

prolonged increase in the GFR

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question32

Question 32:The renal corpuscle consists of __________.

renal columns and renal pyramids

the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus

the cortex and the medulla

major and minor calyces

Question33

Question 33:The filtration process within the renal corpuscle involves passage across the filtration membrane, which consists of __________.

podocytes, pedicels, and slit pores

collecting tubules, collecting ducts, and papillary ducts

capsular space, tubular pole, and macula densa

fenestrated capillary endothelium, dense layer, and filtration slits

Question34

Question 34:The thin segments in the nephron loop are __________.

freely permeable to water, ions, and other solutes

relatively impermeable to water, ions, and other solutes

freely permeable to water and relatively impermeable to ions and other solutes

relatively impermeable to water and freely permeable to ions and other solutes

Question35

Question 35:The thick segments in the nephron loop __________.

contain diffusion mechanisms for getting rid of excess water

contain an aldosterone-regulated pump

contain transport mechanisms that pump materials out of the filtrate

are characterized by ADH-regulated permeability

Question36

Question 36:The collecting system in the kidney is responsible for __________.

absorption of nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the filtrate

active secretion and reabsorption of sodium ions

creation of the medullary concentration gradient

making final adjustments to the sodium ion concentration and volume of urine

Question37

Question 37:Which of the following systems is NOT used to excrete wastes from the body?

respiratory system

digestive system

lymphatic system

integumentary system

Question38

Question 38:Sympathetic innervation into the kidney is responsible for __________.

stimulation of renin release

regulation of glomerular blood flow and pressure

direct stimulation of water and sodium ion reabsorption

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question39

Question 39:When plasma glucose concentrations are higher than the renal threshold, glucose concentrations in the filtrate exceed the transport maximum (Tm), and __________.

glucose is transported across the membrane by countertransport

the glucose is filtered out at the glomerulus

glucose appears in the urine

the individual has eaten excessive amounts of sweets

Question40

Question 40:What is the outward pressure forcing water and solute molecules across the glomerulus wall?

capsular hydrostatic pressure

blood colloid osmotic pressure

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

capsular colloid osmotic pressure

Question41

Question 41:What are the opposing forces of the filtration pressure at the glomerulus?

capsular hydrostatic pressure and glomerular hydrostatic pressure

blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate

glomerular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure

capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure

Question42

Question 42:At a volume of __________ mL, there may be sufficient pressure in the bladder to force the opening of the internal urinary sphincter and, consequently, the external urinary sphincter.

200

250

400

500

Question43

Question 43:Inadequate ADH secretion results in the inability to reclaim the water entering the filtrate, causing __________.

dehydration

anuria

dysuria

glycosuria

Question44

Question 44:What is the triple-layered muscle responsible for urinary bladder contractions?

urethral meatus

trigone

detrusor

internal urinary sphincter

Question45

Question 45:Aldosterone stimulates ion pumps along the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct, causing __________.

a decrease in the concentration of the filtrate

an increase in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine

countercurrent multiplication

a reduction in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine

Question46

Question 46:The high osmotic concentrations found in the kidney medulla are primarily caused by the presence of __________.

sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea

hydrogen and ammonium ions

excessive amounts of water

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question47

Question 47:To regulate pH, all of the following are secreted into the fluid in the collecting system EXCEPT __________.

iron

hydrogen

All of the listed responses are correct.

bicarbonate

Question48

Question 48:Angiotensin II is a potent hormone that __________.

stimulates secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex and epinephrine by the adrenal medulla

causes constriction of the efferent arteriole at the nephron

triggers the release of ADH in the CNS

All of the listed responses are correct.

Question49

Question 49:Sympathetic innervation of the afferent arterioles causes __________.

a decrease in GFR and slowing of filtrate production

an increase in GFR and a slowing of filtrate production

a decrease in GFR and an increase in filtrate production

an increase in GFR and an increase in filtrate production

Question50

Question 50:During periods of strenuous exercise, sympathetic activation causes the blood flow to __________.

be shunted toward the kidneys

increase to the skin and skeletal muscles and decrease to the kidneys

cause an increase in GFR

decrease to the skin and skeletal muscles and increase to the kidneys