Which of the following digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the esophagus?
pharynx
gallbladder
salivary glands
stomach
Question 2:The active process that occurs when materials enter the digestive tract via the mouth is __________.
excretion
ingestion
secretion
absorption
Question 3:Sympathetic stimulation of the muscularis externa promotes __________.
muscular inhibition and relaxation
muscular contraction and increased excitation
increased digestive and gastric motility
increased muscular tone and activity
Question 4:Which of the following statements about peritonitis is FALSE?
It is an inflammation of the peritoneal membrane.
It can be caused by bacteria entering the abdominal cavity during a surgical procedure.
It could be caused by a burst appendix.
It leads to inflammation of the digestive mucosa.
Question 5:Which of the following major layers of the digestive tract is described as a layer of dense irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels and the plexus of Meissner?
muscularis externa
mucosa
submucosa
serosa
Question 6:Strong contractions from the transverse colon to the rest of the large intestine that move the contents of the colon toward the sigmoid colon are called __________.
mass movements
pendular movements
defecation
segmentation
Question 7:Which of the following salivary glands produce salivary amylase, a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme?
sublingual glands
parotid glands
submandibular salivary glands
both parotid glands and submandibular salivary glands
Question 8:Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?
lubrication of the mouth
lubrication of food
initial digestion of carbohydrates
initial digestion of proteins
Question 9:The three pairs of salivary glands that secrete into the oral cavity include the __________.
lingual, labial, and frenulum
pharyngeal, palatoglossal, and palatopharyngeal
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular
uvular, ankyloglossic, and hypoglossal
Question 10:Crushing, mashing, and grinding of food are best accomplished by the action of the __________.
bicuspids
incisors
cuspids
eyeteeth
Question 11:The three phases of deglutition are __________.
buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal
pharyngeal, palatopharyngeal, and stylopharyngeal
palatal, lingual, and mesial
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular
Question 12:On its way to the esophagus, food normally passes through the __________.
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
pharyngeal sphincter
lower esophageal sphincter
oropharynx and laryngopharynx, lower esophageal sphincter, and pharyngeal sphincter
Question 13:The pharyngeal muscles that push the food bolus toward the esophagus are the __________.
pharyngeal constrictor muscles
palatus muscles
stylopharyngeus muscles
palatopharyngeus muscles
Question 14:Solid food and liquids are carried from the pharyngeal region to the stomach by the __________.
oropharynx
nasopharynx
laryngopharynx
esophagus
Question 15:The inferior end of the esophagus normally remains in a state of active contraction that __________.
initiates the movement of food from the stomach into the small intestine
allows food to move rapidly into the stomach
prevents air from entering into the esophagus
prevents the backflow of materials from the stomach into the esophagus
Question 16:Gastric secretion is inhibited by __________.
trypsin
secretin
pepsinogen
gastrin
Question 17:Which of the following is secreted by the stomach?
gastrin
galactase
ptyalin
secretin
Question 18:Which division of the small intestine contains the Brunner glands?
jejunum
ileum
duodenum
cecum
Question 19:Which of the following enzymes is NOT found in pancreatic juice?
pepsin
amylase
lipase
chymotrypsin
Question 20:Bile entering the gallbladder must pass through the __________.
hepatopancreatic sphincter
duodenal papilla
cystic duct
common hepatic duct
Question 21:Which hormone promotes the flow of bile and of pancreatic juice containing enzymes?
gastrin
secretin
cholecystokinin
enterogastrone
Question 22:The longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the __________.
vermiform appendix
taenia coli
epiploic appendages
haustra
Question 23:The vermiform appendix is dominated by what type of lymphatic structures in the mucosa and submucosa?
lymphoid nodules
lymph nodes
Peyer patches
epiploic appendices
Question 24:Which vitamins are liberated by bacterial action and absorbed in the large intestine?
vitamins C, D, and E
biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K
vitamins A, D, E, and K
thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
Question 25:Which of the following organic nutrients are NOT absorbed by capillaries in the intestinal villi?
proteins
lipids
carbohydrates
None of the listed responses is correct.
Question 26:The nutrients that can be absorbed without preliminary processing but may involve special transport mechanisms are __________.
nucleic acids, minerals, and enzymes
water, electrolytes, and vitamins
lactose, fructose, and galactose
carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids
Question 27:The enzyme lactase, which digests lactose to glucose and galactose, is synthesized by __________.
the stomach
the brush border of the small intestine
chief cells
the pancreas
Question 28:Which of the following is NOT a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
activating pepsin
killing microorganisms
breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides
facilitating protein digestion
Question 29:The intestinal epithelium absorbs monosaccharides by __________.
net osmosis and diffusion
facilitated diffusion and cotransport mechanisms
carrier micelles and chylomicrons
active transport and net osmosis
Question 30:When two fluids are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, water tends to flow into the solution that has the __________.
same osmolarity on each side of the membrane
lower concentration of solutes
higher concentration of solutes
proper osmotic equilibrium
Question 31:An error in swallowing could most likely be detected by the __________.
esophagus
larynx
root of the tongue
soft palate
Question 32:Many visceral smooth muscle networks show rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of neural stimulation because of __________.
direct contact with motor neurons carrying impulses to the CNS
the single motor units that contract independently of each other
pacesetter cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger contraction of entire muscular sheets
an action potential generated and conducted over the sarcolemma
Question 33:Why can a completely dry food bolus NOT be swallowed?
The dry food stimulates sympathetic activity, inhibiting peristalsis.
The dry food inhibits parasympathetic activity in the esophagus.
Friction with the walls of the esophagus makes peristalsis ineffective.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 34:Gastric glands, which produce most of the gastric juice, are abundant in which of the following regions of the stomach?
fundus
pylorus
body
both fundus and body
Question 35:Which two factors play an important part in the movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine?
sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation
release of HCl and gastric juice
stomach distension and gastrin release
CNS and ANS regulation
Question 36:The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that __________.
provide for gastric contractions that churn and swirl the gastric contents
increase the total surface area for absorption
stabilize the mesenteries attached to the dorsal body wall
initiate enterogastric reflexes that accelerate the digestive process
Question 37:The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal crypts are responsible for producing which intestinal hormones?
enterokinase and aminopeptidase
gastrin and pepsinogen
biliverdin and bilirubin
cholecystokinin and secretin
Question 38:Villikinin, motilin, and somatostatin are produced in the __________.
fundus of the stomach
pancreas
small intestine
salivary glands
Question 39:The primary functions of intestinal juice include which of the following?
to dissolve digestive enzymes and the products of digestion
to assist in buffering acids
to moisten the chyme
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 40:Which of the following causes an immediate increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peristaltic activity in all segments of the small intestine?
gastroileal reflex
the presence of intestinal juice
enterogastric reflex
gastroenteric reflex
Question 41:The primary effect of secretin is to cause __________.
an increase in gastric motility and secretory rates
an increase in release of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum
a decrease in duodenal submucosal secretions
an increase in secretion of bile and buffers by the liver and the pancreas
Question 42:Which peptide hormone causes the release of insulin from the pancreatic islets?
GTP
VIP
CCK
GIP
Question 43:How does the mucosa of the rectum compare with that of the colon and cecum?
The colon and cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with stratified squamous epithelium because it is next to an opening to the exterior.
The rectum is lined with stratified columnar epithelium, whereas the colon and cecum are lined with simple columnar epithelium.
The colon and cecum are lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with transitional epithelium to allow for expansion during defecation.
None of the listed responses is correct; the epithelial lining is constant throughout the large intestine.
Question 44:The muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and the cecum is the __________.
taenia coli
gastrointestinal sphincter
ileocecal valve
pyloric sphincter
Question 45:Which produces the LEAST number of contractions to force food through the digestive tract on a daily basis?
esophagus
small intestine
stomach
large intestine
Question 46:What is the average composition of the fecal waste material?
20 percent water, 5 percent bacteria, 75 percent indigestible remains and inorganic matter
60 percent water, 10 percent bacteria, 30 percent indigestible and inorganic matter
45 percent water, 45 percent indigestible and inorganic matter, 10 percent bacteria
75 percent water, 5 percent bacteria, 20 percent indigestible materials, inorganic matter, and epithelial remains
Question 47:The hormone gastrin __________.
is secreted by the pancreatic islets
is produced in response to sympathetic stimulation
inhibits the activity of the muscularis externa of the stomach
increases the activity of parietal and chief cells
Question 48:The two positive feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are __________.
the anorectal canal and the rectal columns
internal and external sphincter muscles
mass movements and peristaltic contractions
stretch receptors in rectal walls and the sacral parasympathetic system
Question 49:The "doorway to the liver" (porta hepatis) is a complex that includes the __________.
left lobe, right lobe, and round ligament
bile duct, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic artery
hilum, bile duct, and cystic duct
caudate lobe, quadrate lobe, and hepatic duct
Question 50:Triglycerides coated with proteins create a complex known as a __________.
cotransport
chylomicron
glycerolproteinase
micelle
Metabolism refers to __________.
only the digestion of foods and production of wastes
only the intake of sodium in foods and the loss of sodium in sweat and tears
only the balance between drinking water and sweating
all the chemical reactions in the body
Question 2:Neurons must be provided with a reliable supply of glucose because they are __________.
primarily located in the brain
usually unable to metabolize other molecules
involved primarily with transmitting nerve impulses
covered with myelinated fibrous sheaths
Question 3:In resting skeletal muscles, a significant portion of the metabolic demand is met through the __________.
catabolism of glycogen
catabolism of glucose
catabolism of fatty acids
anabolism of ADP to ATP
Question 4:The process that breaks down organic substrates, releasing energy that can be used to synthesize ATP or other high-energy compounds, is __________.
catabolism
metabolism
oxidation
anabolism
Question 5:In terms of the movement of electrons, the gain of electrons is called reduction, whereas the loss is called __________.
catabolism
anabolism
metabolism
oxidation
Question 6:In glycolysis, six-carbon glucose molecules are broken down into two three-carbon molecules of __________.
pyruvic acid
oxaloacetic acid
citric acid
acetyl-CoA
Question 7:The first step in a sequence of enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of __________.
citric acid
acetyl-CoA
oxaloacetic acid
pyruvic acid
Question 8:For each glucose molecule converted to two pyruvates, the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis provides a net gain of __________.
2 ATP for the cell
4 ATP for the cell
36 ATP for the cell
38 ATP for the cell
Question 9:For each glucose molecule processed during aerobic cellular respiration, the cell gains __________.
4 molecules of ATP
24 molecules of ATP
32 molecules of ATP
36 molecules of ATP
Question 10:Why is it that lipids CANNOT provide large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a short period of time?
Lipid reserves are difficult to mobilize.
Most lipids are processed in mitochondria, and mitochondrial activity is limited by the availability of oxygen.
Lipids are insoluble, and it is difficult for water-soluble enzymes to reach them.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 11:Although small quantities of lipids are normally stored in the liver, most of the synthesized triglycerides are bound to __________.
hepatocytes in the liver
adipocytes
glucose molecules
transport proteins
Question 12:The factors that make protein catabolism an IMPRACTICAL source of quick energy include which of the following?
One of the by-products, ammonia, is a toxin that can damage cells.
Proteins are more difficult to break apart.
Proteins are important structural and functional cellular components.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 13:A diet deficient in essential fatty acids would __________.
alter the appearance of the skin
slow growth
cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins
slow growth, alter the appearance of the skin, and cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins
Question 14:Which of the following individuals does NOT need to modify his or her daily activities to help regulate cholesterol levels?
a 40-year-old woman who weighs 135 pounds, has a total cholesterol level of 150 mg/dL, and does not have a history of atherosclerosis
a 40-year old man who weighs 185 pounds, has a cholesterol level of 250 mg/dL, and does have a history of atherosclerosis
a 40-year-old woman who weighs 200 pounds, has a cholesterol level of 235 mg/dL, and does not have a history of atherosclerosis
None of these individuals needs to modify his or her daily activities.
Question 15:Which of the following are coenzymes that deliver hydrogen ions and electrons to the ETS in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
NADH and FADH2
acetyl CoA
NADH
FADH2
Question 16:If excess glucose still remains in the circulation after glycogen formation, the hepatocytes use glucose to __________.
synthesize triglycerides
repair tissues
regulate metabolism
provide energy
Question 17:When blood glucose concentrations are elevated, the glucose molecules are __________.
used to build proteins
used for tissue repair
catabolized for energy
catabolized for energy, used to build proteins, and used for tissue repair
Question 18:Before the large vitamin B12 molecule can be absorbed, it must be bound to __________.
vitamin C
intrinsic factor
the gastric epithelium
another water-soluble vitamin
Question 19:Which of the following people would be in positive nitrogen balance?
athletes in training
a pregnant woman
growing children
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 20:Which of the following foods are DEFICIENT in dietary fiber?
breads and cereals
milk and meat
rice and pastas
vegetables and fruits
Question 21:Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin necessary for synthesis of visual pigments?
vitamin C
vitamin D
vitamin A
vitamin K
Question 22:Why are minerals, vitamins, and water classified as essential nutrients?
They are the major providers of calories for the body.
They are used by the body in large quantities.
The body cannot synthesize the nutrients in sufficient quantities.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 23:The trace minerals found in extremely small quantities in the body include __________.
phosphorus, zinc, copper, and potassium
phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, and iron
sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium
iron, zinc, copper, and manganese
Question 24:Why is hypervitaminosis involving water-soluble vitamins relatively UNCOMMON?
Excessive amounts are stored in the bones.
Excessive amounts are stored in adipose tissue.
Excessive amounts are readily excreted in the urine.
Excessive amounts are readily absorbed into skeletal muscle tissue.
Question 25:To examine the metabolic state of an individual, results may be expressed as __________.
calories per unit of body weight per day
calories per hour
calories per day
calories per hour, calories per day, and calories per unit of body weight per day
Question 26:An individual's basal metabolic rate ideally represents __________.
the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person
the daily energy expenditures for a given individual
genetic differences among ethnic groups
the amounts of circulating hormone levels in the body
Question 27:NAD, a key coenzyme used in the process of producing ATP, is produced from which water-soluble vitamin?
vitamin B2
niacin
vitamin B12
riboflavin
Question 28:The four processes involved in heat exchange with the environment are __________.
thermogenesis, dynamic action, pyrexia, and thermolysis
sensible, insensible, heat loss, and heat gain
physiological, behavioral, generational, and acclimatization
radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation
Question 29:Phoebe grew up in Alaska's interior and used to play with her friends at recess in temperatures of −20°F. In fact, her school was not canceled until the temperatures reached −50°F. Which of the following terms describes her adaptation to Alaska's frigid winter climate?
perspiration
convection
acclimatization
radiation
Question 30:Lucy, a 35-year-old woman, says she CANNOT lose the fat around her abdomen because it is brown fat. You correct her by saying that the only people with brown fat are __________.
infants
teenagers
elderly men
anorexic women
Question 31:A cell with excess carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids will break down carbohydrates to __________.
obtain energy
provide metabolic regulation
provide tissue growth and repair
obtain energy, provide tissue growth and repair, and provide metabolic regulation
Question 32:Why is it that fatty acids and many amino acids CANNOT be converted to glucose?
Other organic molecules cannot be converted to glucose.
They are not used for energy production.
Their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA.
Glucose is necessary to start the metabolic processes.
Question 33:Why can lipogenesis use almost any organic substrate?
Triglycerides are the most abundant lipids in the body.
Lipid molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Lipids can be converted and channeled directly into the Krebs cycle.
Lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates can be converted to acetyl-CoA.
Question 34:During open-heart surgery, which of the following thermoregulatory changes will be induced on the patient's body?
sweating
hypothermia
heat exhaustion
nonshivering thermogenesis
Question 35:The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is __________.
70 cal/hr or 1680 cal/day in the average individual
measured by monitoring respiratory activity
the minimum resting energy of an awake, alert person
all of the listed responses
Question 36:No kidding: The town of Nederland, Colorado, has a winter festival called Frozen Dead Guy Days. A man named Bredo Morstoel, a native Norwegian, was born in 1900 and died in 1989. After his death, his grandson had his body cryogenically frozen and stored it in a shed in Colorado until a future date when he supposedly will be resuscitated. Why will this thawing procedure NOT bring Mr. Morstoel back to life?
Death had already occurred before the freezing process.
Freezing temperatures cause water to expand, which would burst cell membranes.
The ratio of surface area to volume is low in Mr. Morstoel's body, meaning that ice crystals would have formed during the freezing process.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 37:The efficiency rate for the complete catabolism of glucose is about __________.
12 percent
32 percent
42 percent
90 percent
Question 38:Which of the following hormones exhibits its influence most during the postabsorptive state?
estrogen
glucagon
insulin
growth hormone
Question 39:Lipids circulate through the bloodstream as __________.
saturated fats
unsaturated fats
lipoproteins and free fatty acids
polyunsaturated fat
Question 40:What is the primary function of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)?
transporting cholesterol to peripheral tissues
carrying absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to circulation
transporting the triglycerides to peripheral tissues
transporting cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver
Question 41:LDLs are absorbed by cells through the process of __________.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
facilitated diffusion
simple diffusion
active transport
Question 42:In the beta-oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid molecule, the cell gains __________.
36 ATP
38 ATP
78 ATP
144 ATP
Question 43:Excess cholesterol leaves somatic cells and is absorbed by __________, which then transport the cholesterol back to the liver.
HDLs
VLDLs
LDLs
chylomicrons
Question 44:Under normal circumstances, if you eat three meals a day, the body will spend approximately 12 hours in the __________.
absorptive state
postabsorptive state
digestion of food
excretion of waste
Question 45:The most important factors in good nutrition are to obtain nutrients __________.
from the food pyramid
that meet the recommended daily intakes
that are low in fats and high in dietary fiber
in sufficient quantity and quality
Question 46:Which of the following is an important energy source during periods of starvation, when glucose supplies are limited?
lipoproteins
glycerol
cholesterol
free fatty acids
Question 47:Which of the following selections includes ONLY essential amino acids for a growing child?
valine, tyrosine, leucine, serine, alanine
leucine, lysine, valine, tryptophan, arginine
aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, glycine, alanine
proline, serine, cysteine, glutamine, histidine
Question 48:Milk and eggs are complete proteins because they contain __________.
all the essential amino acids in sufficient quantities
more protein than fat
the recommended intake for vitamin B12
all the essential fatty acids and amino acids
Question 49:Which of the following is a nitrogen compound important in energy storage in muscle tissue?
creatine
pyrimidine
glycoprotein
porphyrin
Question 50:The synthesis of glucose from nonglucose precursors is known as __________.
beta-oxidation
glycogenesis
gluconeogenesis
lipolysis
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
elimination of waste into the environment
introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma
homeostatic regulation of the volume and solute concentration of blood plasma
removal of organic waste products from body fluids
Question 2:The openings of the urethra and the two ureters mark an area on the internal surface of the urinary bladder called the __________.
internal urethral sphincter
external urethral sphincter
renal sinus
trigone
Question 3:What is the initial factor that determines whether urine will be produced?
filtration
activation
secretion
absorption
Question 4:The region of the kidney containing the renal pyramids, renal columns, and interlobar arteries is called the __________.
renal medulla
renal cortex
renal functional unit
renal pelvis
Question 5:ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in __________.
the nephron loop
both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting system
the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
the collecting system
Question 6:What are the three concentric layers of connective tissue that protect and anchor the kidneys?
cortex, medulla, and papillae
fibrous capsule, perinephric fat capsule, and renal fascia
hilum, renal sinus, and renal corpuscle
major calyces, minor calyces, and renal pyramids
Question 7:Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the __________.
segmental veins
afferent arterioles
peritubular capillaries
interlobular veins
Question 8:In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the __________.
nephron loop and the collecting and papillary ducts
renal corpuscle, renal tubule, and renal pelvis
collecting tubule, collecting duct, and papillary duct
proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop
Question 9:What is the primary site in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated?
proximal convoluted tubule
glomerulus
nephron loop and collecting duct
distal convoluted tubule
Question 10:Which of the following is NOT reabsorbed in the nephron loop?
bicarbonate
water
sodium
chloride
Question 11:What is the primary site for secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the filtrate?
proximal convoluted tubule
renal corpuscle
distal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
Question 12:The filtration of plasma that generates approximately 80 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the __________.
renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
Question 13:Sixty to 70 percent of the water is reabsorbed in the __________.
distal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
renal corpuscle
Question 14:Which portion of the renal segment is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation?
proximal convoluted tubule
vasa recta
distal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
Question 15:Dilation of the afferent arteriole and glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole when blood flow and glomerular pressure decline cause __________.
an increase in the secretion of renin and erythropoietin
decrease in glomerular blood pressure
elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels
decrease in the glomerular filtration rate
Question 16:Which of the following organic wastes is generated from the catabolism of amino acids?
urea
uric acid
creatinine
None of the listed responses is correct.
Question 17:The average pH for normal urine is about __________.
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
Question 18:Autoregulation controls the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by __________.
dilation of the afferent arteriole
constriction of the efferent arteriole
dilation of the glomerular capillaries
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 19:The pressure that represents the resistance to flow along the nephron and conducting system is the __________.
capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
capsular colloid osmotic pressure (CCOP)
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
Question 20:Which mechanism is important in the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids when their concentrations in the filtrate are relatively high?
pinocytosis
facilitated transport
active transport
countertransport
Question 21:What is the primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron?
nephron loop
renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
Question 22:In countercurrent multiplication, the countercurrent refers to the fact that an exchange occurs between __________.
sodium ions and chloride ions
solute concentrations in the nephron loop
potassium and chloride ions
fluids moving in opposite directions
Question 23:What is the result of the countercurrent multiplication mechanism?
osmotic flow of water from peritubular fluid into the descending limb of the nephron loop
increased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop
decreased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop
decreased transport of sodium and chloride in the ascending limb of the nephron loop
Question 24:When antidiuretic hormone levels rise, the distal convoluted tubule becomes __________.
less permeable to water; reabsorption of water increases
less permeable to water; reabsorption of water decreases
more permeable to water; water reabsorption decreases
more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases
Question 25:What results from the effect of aldosterone along the DCT, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct?
increased sodium ion excretion
decreased sodium ion reabsorption in the DCT
increased sodium ion and water excretion
increased conservation of sodium ions and water
Question 26:The ureters are lined by what kind of epithelium, which allows them to be stretched when undergoing peristalsis and moving urine?
stratified squamous
simple columnar
transitional
simple cuboidal
Question 27:What is the expanded, funnel-shaped structure in the kidney leading to the ureter?
renal calyces
renal hilum
urethra
renal pelvis
Question 28:Contraction of the muscular bladder forces the urine out of the body through the __________.
urethra
nephron
penis
ureter
Question 29:During the micturition reflex, increased afferent fiber activity in the pelvic nerves facilitates __________.
urine ejection caused by contractions of the internal and external sphincter
the action of stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder
parasympathetic motor neurons in the sacral spinal cord
sympathetic sensory neurons in the sacral spinal cord
Question 30:Kidney stones, or calculi, can be formed by deposits of __________.
magnesium salts
calcium
uric acid
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 31:Which of the following causes urinary incontinence?
the loss of muscle tone in the urinary sphincter muscles
lack of ADH production
prolonged increase in the GFR
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 32:The renal corpuscle consists of __________.
renal columns and renal pyramids
the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus
the cortex and the medulla
major and minor calyces
Question 33:The filtration process within the renal corpuscle involves passage across the filtration membrane, which consists of __________.
podocytes, pedicels, and slit pores
collecting tubules, collecting ducts, and papillary ducts
capsular space, tubular pole, and macula densa
fenestrated capillary endothelium, dense layer, and filtration slits
Question 34:The thin segments in the nephron loop are __________.
freely permeable to water, ions, and other solutes
relatively impermeable to water, ions, and other solutes
freely permeable to water and relatively impermeable to ions and other solutes
relatively impermeable to water and freely permeable to ions and other solutes
Question 35:The thick segments in the nephron loop __________.
contain diffusion mechanisms for getting rid of excess water
contain an aldosterone-regulated pump
contain transport mechanisms that pump materials out of the filtrate
are characterized by ADH-regulated permeability
Question 36:The collecting system in the kidney is responsible for __________.
absorption of nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the filtrate
active secretion and reabsorption of sodium ions
creation of the medullary concentration gradient
making final adjustments to the sodium ion concentration and volume of urine
Question 37:Which of the following systems is NOT used to excrete wastes from the body?
respiratory system
digestive system
lymphatic system
integumentary system
Question 38:Sympathetic innervation into the kidney is responsible for __________.
stimulation of renin release
regulation of glomerular blood flow and pressure
direct stimulation of water and sodium ion reabsorption
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 39:When plasma glucose concentrations are higher than the renal threshold, glucose concentrations in the filtrate exceed the transport maximum (Tm), and __________.
glucose is transported across the membrane by countertransport
the glucose is filtered out at the glomerulus
glucose appears in the urine
the individual has eaten excessive amounts of sweets
Question 40:What is the outward pressure forcing water and solute molecules across the glomerulus wall?
capsular hydrostatic pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
capsular colloid osmotic pressure
Question 41:What are the opposing forces of the filtration pressure at the glomerulus?
capsular hydrostatic pressure and glomerular hydrostatic pressure
blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate
glomerular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure
Question 42:At a volume of __________ mL, there may be sufficient pressure in the bladder to force the opening of the internal urinary sphincter and, consequently, the external urinary sphincter.
200
250
400
500
Question 43:Inadequate ADH secretion results in the inability to reclaim the water entering the filtrate, causing __________.
dehydration
anuria
dysuria
glycosuria
Question 44:What is the triple-layered muscle responsible for urinary bladder contractions?
urethral meatus
trigone
detrusor
internal urinary sphincter
Question 45:Aldosterone stimulates ion pumps along the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct, causing __________.
a decrease in the concentration of the filtrate
an increase in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine
countercurrent multiplication
a reduction in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine
Question 46:The high osmotic concentrations found in the kidney medulla are primarily caused by the presence of __________.
sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea
hydrogen and ammonium ions
excessive amounts of water
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 47:To regulate pH, all of the following are secreted into the fluid in the collecting system EXCEPT __________.
iron
hydrogen
All of the listed responses are correct.
bicarbonate
Question 48:Angiotensin II is a potent hormone that __________.
stimulates secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex and epinephrine by the adrenal medulla
causes constriction of the efferent arteriole at the nephron
triggers the release of ADH in the CNS
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 49:Sympathetic innervation of the afferent arterioles causes __________.
a decrease in GFR and slowing of filtrate production
an increase in GFR and a slowing of filtrate production
a decrease in GFR and an increase in filtrate production
an increase in GFR and an increase in filtrate production
Question 50:During periods of strenuous exercise, sympathetic activation causes the blood flow to __________.
be shunted toward the kidneys
increase to the skin and skeletal muscles and decrease to the kidneys
cause an increase in GFR
decrease to the skin and skeletal muscles and increase to the kidneys
Blah
Which of the following digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the esophagus?
pharynx
gallbladder
salivary glands
stomach
Question 2:The active process that occurs when materials enter the digestive tract via the mouth is __________.
excretion
ingestion
secretion
absorption
Question 3:Sympathetic stimulation of the muscularis externa promotes __________.
muscular inhibition and relaxation
muscular contraction and increased excitation
increased digestive and gastric motility
increased muscular tone and activity
Question 4:Which of the following statements about peritonitis is FALSE?
It is an inflammation of the peritoneal membrane.
It can be caused by bacteria entering the abdominal cavity during a surgical procedure.
It could be caused by a burst appendix.
It leads to inflammation of the digestive mucosa.
Question 5:Which of the following major layers of the digestive tract is described as a layer of dense irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels and the plexus of Meissner?
muscularis externa
mucosa
submucosa
serosa
Question 6:Strong contractions from the transverse colon to the rest of the large intestine that move the contents of the colon toward the sigmoid colon are called __________.
mass movements
pendular movements
defecation
segmentation
Question 7:Which of the following salivary glands produce salivary amylase, a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme?
sublingual glands
parotid glands
submandibular salivary glands
both parotid glands and submandibular salivary glands
Question 8:Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?
lubrication of the mouth
lubrication of food
initial digestion of carbohydrates
initial digestion of proteins
Question 9:The three pairs of salivary glands that secrete into the oral cavity include the __________.
lingual, labial, and frenulum
pharyngeal, palatoglossal, and palatopharyngeal
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular
uvular, ankyloglossic, and hypoglossal
Question 10:Crushing, mashing, and grinding of food are best accomplished by the action of the __________.
bicuspids
incisors
cuspids
eyeteeth
Question 11:The three phases of deglutition are __________.
buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal
pharyngeal, palatopharyngeal, and stylopharyngeal
palatal, lingual, and mesial
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular
Question 12:On its way to the esophagus, food normally passes through the __________.
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
pharyngeal sphincter
lower esophageal sphincter
oropharynx and laryngopharynx, lower esophageal sphincter, and pharyngeal sphincter
Question 13:The pharyngeal muscles that push the food bolus toward the esophagus are the __________.
pharyngeal constrictor muscles
palatus muscles
stylopharyngeus muscles
palatopharyngeus muscles
Question 14:Solid food and liquids are carried from the pharyngeal region to the stomach by the __________.
oropharynx
nasopharynx
laryngopharynx
esophagus
Question 15:The inferior end of the esophagus normally remains in a state of active contraction that __________.
initiates the movement of food from the stomach into the small intestine
allows food to move rapidly into the stomach
prevents air from entering into the esophagus
prevents the backflow of materials from the stomach into the esophagus
Question 16:Gastric secretion is inhibited by __________.
trypsin
secretin
pepsinogen
gastrin
Question 17:Which of the following is secreted by the stomach?
gastrin
galactase
ptyalin
secretin
Question 18:Which division of the small intestine contains the Brunner glands?
jejunum
ileum
duodenum
cecum
Question 19:Which of the following enzymes is NOT found in pancreatic juice?
pepsin
amylase
lipase
chymotrypsin
Question 20:Bile entering the gallbladder must pass through the __________.
hepatopancreatic sphincter
duodenal papilla
cystic duct
common hepatic duct
Question 21:Which hormone promotes the flow of bile and of pancreatic juice containing enzymes?
gastrin
secretin
cholecystokinin
enterogastrone
Question 22:The longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the __________.
vermiform appendix
taenia coli
epiploic appendages
haustra
Question 23:The vermiform appendix is dominated by what type of lymphatic structures in the mucosa and submucosa?
lymphoid nodules
lymph nodes
Peyer patches
epiploic appendices
Question 24:Which vitamins are liberated by bacterial action and absorbed in the large intestine?
vitamins C, D, and E
biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K
vitamins A, D, E, and K
thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
Question 25:Which of the following organic nutrients are NOT absorbed by capillaries in the intestinal villi?
proteins
lipids
carbohydrates
None of the listed responses is correct.
Question 26:The nutrients that can be absorbed without preliminary processing but may involve special transport mechanisms are __________.
nucleic acids, minerals, and enzymes
water, electrolytes, and vitamins
lactose, fructose, and galactose
carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids
Question 27:The enzyme lactase, which digests lactose to glucose and galactose, is synthesized by __________.
the stomach
the brush border of the small intestine
chief cells
the pancreas
Question 28:Which of the following is NOT a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
activating pepsin
killing microorganisms
breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides
facilitating protein digestion
Question 29:The intestinal epithelium absorbs monosaccharides by __________.
net osmosis and diffusion
facilitated diffusion and cotransport mechanisms
carrier micelles and chylomicrons
active transport and net osmosis
Question 30:When two fluids are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, water tends to flow into the solution that has the __________.
same osmolarity on each side of the membrane
lower concentration of solutes
higher concentration of solutes
proper osmotic equilibrium
Question 31:An error in swallowing could most likely be detected by the __________.
esophagus
larynx
root of the tongue
soft palate
Question 32:Many visceral smooth muscle networks show rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of neural stimulation because of __________.
direct contact with motor neurons carrying impulses to the CNS
the single motor units that contract independently of each other
pacesetter cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger contraction of entire muscular sheets
an action potential generated and conducted over the sarcolemma
Question 33:Why can a completely dry food bolus NOT be swallowed?
The dry food stimulates sympathetic activity, inhibiting peristalsis.
The dry food inhibits parasympathetic activity in the esophagus.
Friction with the walls of the esophagus makes peristalsis ineffective.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 34:Gastric glands, which produce most of the gastric juice, are abundant in which of the following regions of the stomach?
fundus
pylorus
body
both fundus and body
Question 35:Which two factors play an important part in the movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine?
sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation
release of HCl and gastric juice
stomach distension and gastrin release
CNS and ANS regulation
Question 36:The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that __________.
provide for gastric contractions that churn and swirl the gastric contents
increase the total surface area for absorption
stabilize the mesenteries attached to the dorsal body wall
initiate enterogastric reflexes that accelerate the digestive process
Question 37:The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal crypts are responsible for producing which intestinal hormones?
enterokinase and aminopeptidase
gastrin and pepsinogen
biliverdin and bilirubin
cholecystokinin and secretin
Question 38:Villikinin, motilin, and somatostatin are produced in the __________.
fundus of the stomach
pancreas
small intestine
salivary glands
Question 39:The primary functions of intestinal juice include which of the following?
to dissolve digestive enzymes and the products of digestion
to assist in buffering acids
to moisten the chyme
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 40:Which of the following causes an immediate increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peristaltic activity in all segments of the small intestine?
gastroileal reflex
the presence of intestinal juice
enterogastric reflex
gastroenteric reflex
Question 41:The primary effect of secretin is to cause __________.
an increase in gastric motility and secretory rates
an increase in release of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum
a decrease in duodenal submucosal secretions
an increase in secretion of bile and buffers by the liver and the pancreas
Question 42:Which peptide hormone causes the release of insulin from the pancreatic islets?
GTP
VIP
CCK
GIP
Question 43:How does the mucosa of the rectum compare with that of the colon and cecum?
The colon and cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with stratified squamous epithelium because it is next to an opening to the exterior.
The rectum is lined with stratified columnar epithelium, whereas the colon and cecum are lined with simple columnar epithelium.
The colon and cecum are lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with transitional epithelium to allow for expansion during defecation.
None of the listed responses is correct; the epithelial lining is constant throughout the large intestine.
Question 44:The muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and the cecum is the __________.
taenia coli
gastrointestinal sphincter
ileocecal valve
pyloric sphincter
Question 45:Which produces the LEAST number of contractions to force food through the digestive tract on a daily basis?
esophagus
small intestine
stomach
large intestine
Question 46:What is the average composition of the fecal waste material?
20 percent water, 5 percent bacteria, 75 percent indigestible remains and inorganic matter
60 percent water, 10 percent bacteria, 30 percent indigestible and inorganic matter
45 percent water, 45 percent indigestible and inorganic matter, 10 percent bacteria
75 percent water, 5 percent bacteria, 20 percent indigestible materials, inorganic matter, and epithelial remains
Question 47:The hormone gastrin __________.
is secreted by the pancreatic islets
is produced in response to sympathetic stimulation
inhibits the activity of the muscularis externa of the stomach
increases the activity of parietal and chief cells
Question 48:The two positive feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are __________.
the anorectal canal and the rectal columns
internal and external sphincter muscles
mass movements and peristaltic contractions
stretch receptors in rectal walls and the sacral parasympathetic system
Question 49:The "doorway to the liver" (porta hepatis) is a complex that includes the __________.
left lobe, right lobe, and round ligament
bile duct, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic artery
hilum, bile duct, and cystic duct
caudate lobe, quadrate lobe, and hepatic duct
Question 50:Triglycerides coated with proteins create a complex known as a __________.
cotransport
chylomicron
glycerolproteinase
micelle
Metabolism refers to __________.
only the digestion of foods and production of wastes
only the intake of sodium in foods and the loss of sodium in sweat and tears
only the balance between drinking water and sweating
all the chemical reactions in the body
Question 2:Neurons must be provided with a reliable supply of glucose because they are __________.
primarily located in the brain
usually unable to metabolize other molecules
involved primarily with transmitting nerve impulses
covered with myelinated fibrous sheaths
Question 3:In resting skeletal muscles, a significant portion of the metabolic demand is met through the __________.
catabolism of glycogen
catabolism of glucose
catabolism of fatty acids
anabolism of ADP to ATP
Question 4:The process that breaks down organic substrates, releasing energy that can be used to synthesize ATP or other high-energy compounds, is __________.
catabolism
metabolism
oxidation
anabolism
Question 5:In terms of the movement of electrons, the gain of electrons is called reduction, whereas the loss is called __________.
catabolism
anabolism
metabolism
oxidation
Question 6:In glycolysis, six-carbon glucose molecules are broken down into two three-carbon molecules of __________.
pyruvic acid
oxaloacetic acid
citric acid
acetyl-CoA
Question 7:The first step in a sequence of enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of __________.
citric acid
acetyl-CoA
oxaloacetic acid
pyruvic acid
Question 8:For each glucose molecule converted to two pyruvates, the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis provides a net gain of __________.
2 ATP for the cell
4 ATP for the cell
36 ATP for the cell
38 ATP for the cell
Question 9:For each glucose molecule processed during aerobic cellular respiration, the cell gains __________.
4 molecules of ATP
24 molecules of ATP
32 molecules of ATP
36 molecules of ATP
Question 10:Why is it that lipids CANNOT provide large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a short period of time?
Lipid reserves are difficult to mobilize.
Most lipids are processed in mitochondria, and mitochondrial activity is limited by the availability of oxygen.
Lipids are insoluble, and it is difficult for water-soluble enzymes to reach them.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 11:Although small quantities of lipids are normally stored in the liver, most of the synthesized triglycerides are bound to __________.
hepatocytes in the liver
adipocytes
glucose molecules
transport proteins
Question 12:The factors that make protein catabolism an IMPRACTICAL source of quick energy include which of the following?
One of the by-products, ammonia, is a toxin that can damage cells.
Proteins are more difficult to break apart.
Proteins are important structural and functional cellular components.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 13:A diet deficient in essential fatty acids would __________.
alter the appearance of the skin
slow growth
cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins
slow growth, alter the appearance of the skin, and cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins
Question 14:Which of the following individuals does NOT need to modify his or her daily activities to help regulate cholesterol levels?
a 40-year-old woman who weighs 135 pounds, has a total cholesterol level of 150 mg/dL, and does not have a history of atherosclerosis
a 40-year old man who weighs 185 pounds, has a cholesterol level of 250 mg/dL, and does have a history of atherosclerosis
a 40-year-old woman who weighs 200 pounds, has a cholesterol level of 235 mg/dL, and does not have a history of atherosclerosis
None of these individuals needs to modify his or her daily activities.
Question 15:Which of the following are coenzymes that deliver hydrogen ions and electrons to the ETS in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
NADH and FADH2
acetyl CoA
NADH
FADH2
Question 16:If excess glucose still remains in the circulation after glycogen formation, the hepatocytes use glucose to __________.
synthesize triglycerides
repair tissues
regulate metabolism
provide energy
Question 17:When blood glucose concentrations are elevated, the glucose molecules are __________.
used to build proteins
used for tissue repair
catabolized for energy
catabolized for energy, used to build proteins, and used for tissue repair
Question 18:Before the large vitamin B12 molecule can be absorbed, it must be bound to __________.
vitamin C
intrinsic factor
the gastric epithelium
another water-soluble vitamin
Question 19:Which of the following people would be in positive nitrogen balance?
athletes in training
a pregnant woman
growing children
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 20:Which of the following foods are DEFICIENT in dietary fiber?
breads and cereals
milk and meat
rice and pastas
vegetables and fruits
Question 21:Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin necessary for synthesis of visual pigments?
vitamin C
vitamin D
vitamin A
vitamin K
Question 22:Why are minerals, vitamins, and water classified as essential nutrients?
They are the major providers of calories for the body.
They are used by the body in large quantities.
The body cannot synthesize the nutrients in sufficient quantities.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 23:The trace minerals found in extremely small quantities in the body include __________.
phosphorus, zinc, copper, and potassium
phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, and iron
sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium
iron, zinc, copper, and manganese
Question 24:Why is hypervitaminosis involving water-soluble vitamins relatively UNCOMMON?
Excessive amounts are stored in the bones.
Excessive amounts are stored in adipose tissue.
Excessive amounts are readily excreted in the urine.
Excessive amounts are readily absorbed into skeletal muscle tissue.
Question 25:To examine the metabolic state of an individual, results may be expressed as __________.
calories per unit of body weight per day
calories per hour
calories per day
calories per hour, calories per day, and calories per unit of body weight per day
Question 26:An individual's basal metabolic rate ideally represents __________.
the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person
the daily energy expenditures for a given individual
genetic differences among ethnic groups
the amounts of circulating hormone levels in the body
Question 27:NAD, a key coenzyme used in the process of producing ATP, is produced from which water-soluble vitamin?
vitamin B2
niacin
vitamin B12
riboflavin
Question 28:The four processes involved in heat exchange with the environment are __________.
thermogenesis, dynamic action, pyrexia, and thermolysis
sensible, insensible, heat loss, and heat gain
physiological, behavioral, generational, and acclimatization
radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation
Question 29:Phoebe grew up in Alaska's interior and used to play with her friends at recess in temperatures of −20°F. In fact, her school was not canceled until the temperatures reached −50°F. Which of the following terms describes her adaptation to Alaska's frigid winter climate?
perspiration
convection
acclimatization
radiation
Question 30:Lucy, a 35-year-old woman, says she CANNOT lose the fat around her abdomen because it is brown fat. You correct her by saying that the only people with brown fat are __________.
infants
teenagers
elderly men
anorexic women
Question 31:A cell with excess carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids will break down carbohydrates to __________.
obtain energy
provide metabolic regulation
provide tissue growth and repair
obtain energy, provide tissue growth and repair, and provide metabolic regulation
Question 32:Why is it that fatty acids and many amino acids CANNOT be converted to glucose?
Other organic molecules cannot be converted to glucose.
They are not used for energy production.
Their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA.
Glucose is necessary to start the metabolic processes.
Question 33:Why can lipogenesis use almost any organic substrate?
Triglycerides are the most abundant lipids in the body.
Lipid molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Lipids can be converted and channeled directly into the Krebs cycle.
Lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates can be converted to acetyl-CoA.
Question 34:During open-heart surgery, which of the following thermoregulatory changes will be induced on the patient's body?
sweating
hypothermia
heat exhaustion
nonshivering thermogenesis
Question 35:The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is __________.
70 cal/hr or 1680 cal/day in the average individual
measured by monitoring respiratory activity
the minimum resting energy of an awake, alert person
all of the listed responses
Question 36:No kidding: The town of Nederland, Colorado, has a winter festival called Frozen Dead Guy Days. A man named Bredo Morstoel, a native Norwegian, was born in 1900 and died in 1989. After his death, his grandson had his body cryogenically frozen and stored it in a shed in Colorado until a future date when he supposedly will be resuscitated. Why will this thawing procedure NOT bring Mr. Morstoel back to life?
Death had already occurred before the freezing process.
Freezing temperatures cause water to expand, which would burst cell membranes.
The ratio of surface area to volume is low in Mr. Morstoel's body, meaning that ice crystals would have formed during the freezing process.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 37:The efficiency rate for the complete catabolism of glucose is about __________.
12 percent
32 percent
42 percent
90 percent
Question 38:Which of the following hormones exhibits its influence most during the postabsorptive state?
estrogen
glucagon
insulin
growth hormone
Question 39:Lipids circulate through the bloodstream as __________.
saturated fats
unsaturated fats
lipoproteins and free fatty acids
polyunsaturated fat
Question 40:What is the primary function of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)?
transporting cholesterol to peripheral tissues
carrying absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to circulation
transporting the triglycerides to peripheral tissues
transporting cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver
Question 41:LDLs are absorbed by cells through the process of __________.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
facilitated diffusion
simple diffusion
active transport
Question 42:In the beta-oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid molecule, the cell gains __________.
36 ATP
38 ATP
78 ATP
144 ATP
Question 43:Excess cholesterol leaves somatic cells and is absorbed by __________, which then transport the cholesterol back to the liver.
HDLs
VLDLs
LDLs
chylomicrons
Question 44:Under normal circumstances, if you eat three meals a day, the body will spend approximately 12 hours in the __________.
absorptive state
postabsorptive state
digestion of food
excretion of waste
Question 45:The most important factors in good nutrition are to obtain nutrients __________.
from the food pyramid
that meet the recommended daily intakes
that are low in fats and high in dietary fiber
in sufficient quantity and quality
Question 46:Which of the following is an important energy source during periods of starvation, when glucose supplies are limited?
lipoproteins
glycerol
cholesterol
free fatty acids
Question 47:Which of the following selections includes ONLY essential amino acids for a growing child?
valine, tyrosine, leucine, serine, alanine
leucine, lysine, valine, tryptophan, arginine
aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, glycine, alanine
proline, serine, cysteine, glutamine, histidine
Question 48:Milk and eggs are complete proteins because they contain __________.
all the essential amino acids in sufficient quantities
more protein than fat
the recommended intake for vitamin B12
all the essential fatty acids and amino acids
Question 49:Which of the following is a nitrogen compound important in energy storage in muscle tissue?
creatine
pyrimidine
glycoprotein
porphyrin
Question 50:The synthesis of glucose from nonglucose precursors is known as __________.
beta-oxidation
glycogenesis
gluconeogenesis
lipolysis
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
elimination of waste into the environment
introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma
homeostatic regulation of the volume and solute concentration of blood plasma
removal of organic waste products from body fluids
Question 2:The openings of the urethra and the two ureters mark an area on the internal surface of the urinary bladder called the __________.
internal urethral sphincter
external urethral sphincter
renal sinus
trigone
Question 3:What is the initial factor that determines whether urine will be produced?
filtration
activation
secretion
absorption
Question 4:The region of the kidney containing the renal pyramids, renal columns, and interlobar arteries is called the __________.
renal medulla
renal cortex
renal functional unit
renal pelvis
Question 5:ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in __________.
the nephron loop
both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting system
the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
the collecting system
Question 6:What are the three concentric layers of connective tissue that protect and anchor the kidneys?
cortex, medulla, and papillae
fibrous capsule, perinephric fat capsule, and renal fascia
hilum, renal sinus, and renal corpuscle
major calyces, minor calyces, and renal pyramids
Question 7:Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the __________.
segmental veins
afferent arterioles
peritubular capillaries
interlobular veins
Question 8:In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the __________.
nephron loop and the collecting and papillary ducts
renal corpuscle, renal tubule, and renal pelvis
collecting tubule, collecting duct, and papillary duct
proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop
Question 9:What is the primary site in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated?
proximal convoluted tubule
glomerulus
nephron loop and collecting duct
distal convoluted tubule
Question 10:Which of the following is NOT reabsorbed in the nephron loop?
bicarbonate
water
sodium
chloride
Question 11:What is the primary site for secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the filtrate?
proximal convoluted tubule
renal corpuscle
distal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
Question 12:The filtration of plasma that generates approximately 80 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the __________.
renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
Question 13:Sixty to 70 percent of the water is reabsorbed in the __________.
distal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
renal corpuscle
Question 14:Which portion of the renal segment is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation?
proximal convoluted tubule
vasa recta
distal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
Question 15:Dilation of the afferent arteriole and glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole when blood flow and glomerular pressure decline cause __________.
an increase in the secretion of renin and erythropoietin
decrease in glomerular blood pressure
elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels
decrease in the glomerular filtration rate
Question 16:Which of the following organic wastes is generated from the catabolism of amino acids?
urea
uric acid
creatinine
None of the listed responses is correct.
Question 17:The average pH for normal urine is about __________.
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
Question 18:Autoregulation controls the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by __________.
dilation of the afferent arteriole
constriction of the efferent arteriole
dilation of the glomerular capillaries
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 19:The pressure that represents the resistance to flow along the nephron and conducting system is the __________.
capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
capsular colloid osmotic pressure (CCOP)
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
Question 20:Which mechanism is important in the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids when their concentrations in the filtrate are relatively high?
pinocytosis
facilitated transport
active transport
countertransport
Question 21:What is the primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron?
nephron loop
renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
Question 22:In countercurrent multiplication, the countercurrent refers to the fact that an exchange occurs between __________.
sodium ions and chloride ions
solute concentrations in the nephron loop
potassium and chloride ions
fluids moving in opposite directions
Question 23:What is the result of the countercurrent multiplication mechanism?
osmotic flow of water from peritubular fluid into the descending limb of the nephron loop
increased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop
decreased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop
decreased transport of sodium and chloride in the ascending limb of the nephron loop
Question 24:When antidiuretic hormone levels rise, the distal convoluted tubule becomes __________.
less permeable to water; reabsorption of water increases
less permeable to water; reabsorption of water decreases
more permeable to water; water reabsorption decreases
more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases
Question 25:What results from the effect of aldosterone along the DCT, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct?
increased sodium ion excretion
decreased sodium ion reabsorption in the DCT
increased sodium ion and water excretion
increased conservation of sodium ions and water
Question 26:The ureters are lined by what kind of epithelium, which allows them to be stretched when undergoing peristalsis and moving urine?
stratified squamous
simple columnar
transitional
simple cuboidal
Question 27:What is the expanded, funnel-shaped structure in the kidney leading to the ureter?
renal calyces
renal hilum
urethra
renal pelvis
Question 28:Contraction of the muscular bladder forces the urine out of the body through the __________.
urethra
nephron
penis
ureter
Question 29:During the micturition reflex, increased afferent fiber activity in the pelvic nerves facilitates __________.
urine ejection caused by contractions of the internal and external sphincter
the action of stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder
parasympathetic motor neurons in the sacral spinal cord
sympathetic sensory neurons in the sacral spinal cord
Question 30:Kidney stones, or calculi, can be formed by deposits of __________.
magnesium salts
calcium
uric acid
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 31:Which of the following causes urinary incontinence?
the loss of muscle tone in the urinary sphincter muscles
lack of ADH production
prolonged increase in the GFR
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 32:The renal corpuscle consists of __________.
renal columns and renal pyramids
the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus
the cortex and the medulla
major and minor calyces
Question 33:The filtration process within the renal corpuscle involves passage across the filtration membrane, which consists of __________.
podocytes, pedicels, and slit pores
collecting tubules, collecting ducts, and papillary ducts
capsular space, tubular pole, and macula densa
fenestrated capillary endothelium, dense layer, and filtration slits
Question 34:The thin segments in the nephron loop are __________.
freely permeable to water, ions, and other solutes
relatively impermeable to water, ions, and other solutes
freely permeable to water and relatively impermeable to ions and other solutes
relatively impermeable to water and freely permeable to ions and other solutes
Question 35:The thick segments in the nephron loop __________.
contain diffusion mechanisms for getting rid of excess water
contain an aldosterone-regulated pump
contain transport mechanisms that pump materials out of the filtrate
are characterized by ADH-regulated permeability
Question 36:The collecting system in the kidney is responsible for __________.
absorption of nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the filtrate
active secretion and reabsorption of sodium ions
creation of the medullary concentration gradient
making final adjustments to the sodium ion concentration and volume of urine
Question 37:Which of the following systems is NOT used to excrete wastes from the body?
respiratory system
digestive system
lymphatic system
integumentary system
Question 38:Sympathetic innervation into the kidney is responsible for __________.
stimulation of renin release
regulation of glomerular blood flow and pressure
direct stimulation of water and sodium ion reabsorption
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 39:When plasma glucose concentrations are higher than the renal threshold, glucose concentrations in the filtrate exceed the transport maximum (Tm), and __________.
glucose is transported across the membrane by countertransport
the glucose is filtered out at the glomerulus
glucose appears in the urine
the individual has eaten excessive amounts of sweets
Question 40:What is the outward pressure forcing water and solute molecules across the glomerulus wall?
capsular hydrostatic pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
capsular colloid osmotic pressure
Question 41:What are the opposing forces of the filtration pressure at the glomerulus?
capsular hydrostatic pressure and glomerular hydrostatic pressure
blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate
glomerular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure
Question 42:At a volume of __________ mL, there may be sufficient pressure in the bladder to force the opening of the internal urinary sphincter and, consequently, the external urinary sphincter.
200
250
400
500
Question 43:Inadequate ADH secretion results in the inability to reclaim the water entering the filtrate, causing __________.
dehydration
anuria
dysuria
glycosuria
Question 44:What is the triple-layered muscle responsible for urinary bladder contractions?
urethral meatus
trigone
detrusor
internal urinary sphincter
Question 45:Aldosterone stimulates ion pumps along the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct, causing __________.
a decrease in the concentration of the filtrate
an increase in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine
countercurrent multiplication
a reduction in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine
Question 46:The high osmotic concentrations found in the kidney medulla are primarily caused by the presence of __________.
sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea
hydrogen and ammonium ions
excessive amounts of water
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 47:To regulate pH, all of the following are secreted into the fluid in the collecting system EXCEPT __________.
iron
hydrogen
All of the listed responses are correct.
bicarbonate
Question 48:Angiotensin II is a potent hormone that __________.
stimulates secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex and epinephrine by the adrenal medulla
causes constriction of the efferent arteriole at the nephron
triggers the release of ADH in the CNS
All of the listed responses are correct.
Question 49:Sympathetic innervation of the afferent arterioles causes __________.
a decrease in GFR and slowing of filtrate production
an increase in GFR and a slowing of filtrate production
a decrease in GFR and an increase in filtrate production
an increase in GFR and an increase in filtrate production
Question 50:During periods of strenuous exercise, sympathetic activation causes the blood flow to __________.
be shunted toward the kidneys
increase to the skin and skeletal muscles and decrease to the kidneys
cause an increase in GFR
decrease to the skin and skeletal muscles and increase to the kidneys