Module 11 Biology

DNA and stuff

What was Griffith’s experiment?

Using mice, he tested if you heat up a harmless bacteria, it would change its offspring, it changed its genes to being harmful and made it so the bacteria could now kill the mice.

What did Avery do?

COntinued Griffith’s experiments.

USing a filter, he sperated bacteria and found that the DNA was what was related to inheritance and traits.

How did Avery experiment?

Using bacteria fazes (virus’) he added the three parts of the bacteria and found that DNA was the only way for it to reproduce.

What did Hershey and Chase do?

Using the virus’ Dna with radioactive material, they determined that it was DNA that programmed the protein and not the other way around

What was Chargaff’s discovery?

Found that certain molecules were related

What did Watson and Crick find out?

realized the molecules were like puzzle pieces and by using Franklin and Wilkins’ experiment they found the double helix pattern.

What did Franklin and Wilkins discover?

Using x-rays, Franklin discovered the x pattern that DNA makes.

What shape does DNA have?

double helix

WHat are the 4 types of nucleic acid found in DNA?

AGCT (A+T) (G+C)

What is DNA made of?

Dioxirybose, Nucleic Acids

What is the result of Synthesis?

Two identical strands of DNA

What is Replication?

The process of turning 1 DNA strand into 2

Whar are the two strands of DNA in Replication called?

Parental Strand (og) and New strand

What does the helicase do?

The helicase enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication (think zipper)

What is the DNA polymerase?

DNA polymerase is an enzyme responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands by adding nucleotides during DNA replication.

How does the DNA polymerase read?

3-5

How is the new DNA built?

5-3

What is the okazaki fragment?

short, newly synthesized DNA fragments formed on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

What is a DNA ligase?

connect Okazaki fragments

What is the Central Dogma?

The core of biology, how does DNA go to protein

What is transcription?

DNA—> RNA

What is translation?

RNA—> Protein

What replaces thymane (t) in RNA?

Uracil (u)

How does the RNA polymerase read/build?

Read: 3-5 Build: 5-3

What are exons?

“Useful” pieces of the code that are spliced by the splicozome.

What are introns?

Nonsense codon code that is removed by a splicozome andrecycled.

What is a splicozome?

Seperates exons and introns

What does TRNA do?

connects the anticodon to the codon leaving and amino acid behind which connect s to the polypeptide chain and creates the protein.

WHat is always the first amino acid?

Methyanine (AUG)

WHat is a codon-code?

the tree letter code for a single amino acid

What is ribosomal RNA?

a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis.

What is transfer RNA?

a type of RNA molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

How does a TRNA read?

5-3

What did Beadle and Tatum do?

discovered that there is one gene per one enzyme

What is an operon?

A code in DNA that determines when a new protein should be made

What is a mutation?

a change in DNA that results in a new trait

What is a missense?

a type of point mutation where a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

WHat is a nonsense

A new stop codon appears making a shortened protein

What is a deletion?

1 letter is removed from the code changing it completely

what is insertion?

An extra nucleotide is added to the code changing it completely

what is duplication?

part of the code repeating itself changing the code completely

What is a mutagen?

The start of a mutation.