Oxygen-poor blood leaves right ventricle towards lung
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Vena cava
–Superior and inferior
–Blood from the body enters the right atrium
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Pulmonary veins (4)
Oxygen-rich blood from lungs enters left atrium
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Blood vessels
Tubes which transport blood
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Function of blood vessels
–Transport blood
–Carry out the exchange of gases and waste
–Regulate blood pressure
–Direct blood flow
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Types of blood vessels
1. arteries 2. capillaries 3. veins 4. diaseases
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Arteries
Thick walls blood vessels which carry oxygen-rich blood **away from the heart to the body.**
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Aorta
Largest artery in the body
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Capillaries
* Microscopic blood vessels which connect arteries and veins together * Where exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste occur * One cell layer thick
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Veins
* Blood vessels which carry oxygen-poor blood from the body back to the heart. * Thin walls * Requires muscles to push blood back to the heart
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Arteriosclerosis
–The hardening of the arteries due to the formation of scar tissue
–Leads to hypertension, heart attack, & stroke
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Varicose Veins
Valves in the veins become weak leading to abnormal dilations in the superficial veins
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Phlebitis
–Inflammation of a vein
–Very serious because it can lead to blood clots (thrombosis) and death
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**Circulation**
* **the transportation of blood** * **Movement of Blood Through Vessels**Â
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Arterial blood
**Most ____ is pumped by the heart**
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**Milking action**
**Veins use the _____ of muscles to help move the blood**
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**The goal of circulation of blood in the body**
1\.**Send oxygen-poor blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and then**
2\.**To pump oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body cells**
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**Three circulation pathways**
1\. **Pulmonary circulation**
2\. **Systemic circulation**
3\. **Coronary circulation**
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**Pulmonary circulation**
**From heart to lungs**
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**Systemic circulation**
**From heart to body**
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**Coronary circulation**
**From heart to heart muscle**
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Pulmonary Circulation
* **The flow of blood from the heart to the lungs**
**DEOXYGENATED BLOOD** **must have carbon dioxide removed, so it is sent to the lungs**
* **The flow of blood from the heart to the body Cells**
OXYGENATED BLOOD **coming back from the lungs is pumped to the body cells**
**Lungs > Pulmonary VEINS (4)> L Atrium > Bicuspid (mitral) valve > L Ventricle (5) > Aortic Valve > Aorta (6)> Arteries > Body cells**
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Blood
The only fluid tissue in the human body
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5x
Blood is ___ thicker than water
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Scarlet red
Oxygen-rich blood
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Dull red
Oxygen-poor blood
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Ph of blood
must remain between 7.35–7.45
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Volume of blood
5-6 Liters or about 6 quarts/body
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Composition of blood
1. Blood plasma 2. Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells 3. Leukocytes – White Blood Cells 4. Platelets
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Blood plasma
* Makes up 55% of blood * Composed of 90% of water * Contains nutrients, salts (metal ions), respiratory gases, hormones, proteins, waste products
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Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells
* The main function is to carry oxygen * Biconcave disks * Anucleate (no nucleus) * Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1
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250 million
**Each erythrocyte has ____ hemoglobin molecules**
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Hemoglobin
–Iron-containing protein
–Binds strongly to oxygen
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Leukocytes – White Blood Cells
Crucial in the body’s defense against disease
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Platelets
* Small fragments produced from ruptured cells (megakaryocytes) * Needed for the clotting process
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Blood Disorders
1. Anemia 2. Sickle cell Anemia 3. Hemophilia
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Anemia
* caused by low iron or hemoglobin
–Symptoms: fatigue, dizziness, headaches, shortness of breath
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Sickle cell Anemia
* recessive genetic disorder
–Symptoms: fatigue, bone pain, ulcers, delayed growth, shortness of breath
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Hemophilia
* recessive sex-linked bleeding disorder
–Blood lacks clotting factors
–Minor injuries can cause **uncontrolled bleeding**
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Blood types
1. ABO blood types 2. Rh blood types
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ABO blood types
There are 4 blood types, A, B, AB, and O, which are determined by **antigens** on our blood cells.
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Antigens
substances that trigger an immune response.
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Antigens present
* Type A blood have A antigens on their cells * Type B has B antigens * Type AB has both A and B antigens * Type O has neither A nor B antigens
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Parents
We inherit our blood type from our ____
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Type O
most common in the United States (45% of the population).
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Type AB
most rare (4% of the population)
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Blood transfusions
can be done using the same blood type or another type that will not trigger an immune response
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Type O
the universal donor
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Type AB
the universal recipient
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**Rh Blood Types**
A person will also have + or – for their Rh factor.Â
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Rh Factor
usually does not affect transfusions, but can **cause problems** for a pregnant woman and the fetus if they have a different Rh phenotype
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Conduction System of the Heart
* Initiates, stimulates, and coordinates the contraction of the atria and ventricles
–Makes the heart an effective pump
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2 types of Nodal tissue controls the heartbeat
SA (sinotrial) Node
AV (atriocentricular) Node
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SA (sinoatrial) Node
* found in the right atrium
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0\.85 seconds
SA (sinoatrial) Node Initiates the heartbeat every ____
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Pacemaker
SA (sinoatrial) Node serves as the ___
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4 steps to the conduction system of the heart
1. The ***SA node*** sends out an impulse causing the atria to contract. 2. The impulse reaches the ***AV nod*****e** and travels along the ***AV bundle****.* 3. The impulses travel throughout the ventricles to the ***Purkinje fibers***. 4. Ventricles contract.
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The **SA node**
sends out an impulse causing the atria to contract.
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The impulse
reaches the **AV node**Â and travels along the **AV bundle**.
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Purkinje fibers
The impulses travel throughout the ventricles to the **____**
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Cardiac cycle
includes all the events that occur in one heartbeat
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Heart beats
70x/minute
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L & R atria
contract simultaneously
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Relaxes
Atria ___- then L & R ventricles contract simultaneously
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Systole
Contraction
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Diastole
Relaxation
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Atrial systole
– 0.15 sec
–Atria is systole (contracted) pumping blood into ventricles (diastole-relaxed)
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Ventricle Systole
\- 0.30 sec
–Ventricle fills with blood and contracts pumping blood to the aorta and pulmonary arteries
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Atrial & Ventricle Diastole –
\- 0.40 sec
–Both atria & ventricles are diastole (relaxed) as blood from the body fills the atria
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Lup
closing of the bicuspid and tricuspid valve
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Dup
closing of aortic and pulmonary valve
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Heart Murmur
any of the heart valves do not close properly
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**Electrocardiograms (EKG or ECG)**
**are used to measure the electrical rhythm of the heart’s contraction**
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Arrhythmia
irregular heart beat
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Tachycardia
= more than 100 beats/min
* Irregular contractions of the atria and/or ventricles due to chaotic electrical signals * Result is lack of blood flow to heart * Heart rate may be 100-175 bpm at ret
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Bradycardia
= less than 60 beats/min
* Heart does not pump enough oxygen-rich blood
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Pacemaker
**Used to maintain a consistent heart rate when the body’s natural pacemaker (SA node) is not properly functioning**