Biology 8 - Unit 2 flashcards

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52 Terms

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The Cell Theory

  • All living things are made up of cells

  • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

  • New cells are produced from existing cells.

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Prokaryotes

  • cells that do not enclose DNA in nuclei

  • Smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells. 

  • They grow, reproduce, and respond to the environment, and some can even move by gliding along surfaces or swimming through liquids. 

  • Bacteria are prokaryotes.

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Eukaryotes

  • cells that enclose their DNA in nuclei

  • Larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. 

  • Contain dozens of structures and internal membranes. 

  • Many eukaryotes are highly specialized. 

  • Many types of eukaryotes: plants, animals, fungi, and protists

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organelles

cellular structures act as if they are specialized organs.

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Cell Wall

  • Main function is to provide support and protection for the cell.

  • Prokaryotes, plants, algae, and fungi have cell walls. 

  • Animal cells do not have cell walls. 

  • Cell walls lie outside the cell membrane and most are porous enough to allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and certain other substances to pass through easily.

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Cell Membrane

  • a thin, flexible barrier surrounding the cell

  • controls what comes into and out of a cell

  • Separates the cell from its surrounding environment.

  • Helps cell maintain homeostasis

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Cytoplasm

  • the gel-like fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus

  • where many organelles are found.

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Nucleus

  • The Main Office - the control center of the cell.

  • The nucleus contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and, with it, the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules.

<ul><li><p><u>The Main Office - the control center of the cell.</u></p></li><li><p>The nucleus contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and, with it, the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Nuclear Envelope

  • The nuclear envelope is dotted with thousands of nuclear pores

  • allows material to move into and out of the nucleus. 

<ul><li><p>The nuclear envelope is dotted with thousands of nuclear pores</p></li><li><p>allows material to move into and out of the nucleus.&nbsp;</p></li></ul><p></p>
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chromatin

a thread like complex of DNA bound to proteins spread throughout the nucleus.

<p><span>a thread like complex of DNA bound to proteins spread throughout the nucleus.</span></p>
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Nucleolus

  • small, dense region in the nucleus.

  • where the assembly of ribosomes begins.

<ul><li><p>small, dense region in the nucleus. </p></li><li><p>where the assembly of ribosomes begins.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Mitochondria

  • power plants of the cell.

  • They convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • Network of passageways that carries materials from one part of the cell to another. 

  • Where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • The portion of the ER involved in the synthesis of proteins 

  • It is given this name because of the ribosomes found on its surface. 

  • Newly made proteins leave these ribosomes and are inserted into the rough ER, where they may be chemically modified.

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum 

  • The other portion of the ER is known as smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) because ribosomes are NOT found on its surface. 

  • The smooth ER contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks, including the synthesis of membrane lipids and the detoxification of drugs. 

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Ribosomes

  • Small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in all cells. 

  • Assemble proteins by following coded instructions that come from DNA. 

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Golgi Body

  • Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or release outside the cell.

  • appears as a stack of flattened membranes.

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Chloroplasts

  • Plants and some other organisms contain chloroplasts. Not in animal cells!

  • he biological equivalents of solar power plants.

  • They capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food/chemical energy during photosynthesis. 

  • Contain the green pigment chlorophyll.

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Vacuoles

large, saclike, membrane-enclosed structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. 

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Vesicles

are used to store and move materials between cell organelles, as well as to and from the cell surface.

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Lysosomes

  • Remove “junk” that might otherwise accumulate and clutter up the cell.

  • Breakdown lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell.

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Cytoskeleton

helps the cell maintain its shape and is also involved in movement. 

Made up of Microfilaments and Microtubules

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Centrioles

are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division. Centrioles are not found in plant cells!

<p><span>are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division. <u>Centrioles are not found in plant cells!</u></span></p>
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Organic Compounds

compounds that contain carbon

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macromolecules

“giant molecules,” made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules. 

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Elements in Carbohydrates

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (CHO)

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Examples of carbohydrates

sugars, starches (potatoes), bread, rice…

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Functions of carbohydrates

main source of energy for living things, and some organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes. (ex. Cell Wall = Cellulose)

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Elements in lipids

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (CHO)

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Examples of Lipids

fats, oils, and waxes

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Functions of lipids

long-term energy, stores more energy than carbohydrates, some are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings, and some hormones are derived from lipids

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Elements in proteins

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms (CHON)

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Examples of proteins

The complement system, enzymes, and meat

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enzymes

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

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Functions of proteins

  • controlling the rate of reactions and regulating cell processes (enzymes)

  • forming cellular structures (cytoskeleton)

  • transporting substances in or out of cells (protein channels)

  • and helping to fight disease (antibodies and complement system)

  • growth and repair of cells

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Elements in nucleic acids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms (CHONP)

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Examples of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

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Functions of nucleic acids

  • Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.

  • RNA helps to make proteins

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Selectively Permeable

some substances can pass through while others cannot.

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Diffusion

  • Moving from area of HIGH conc. to area of LOW conc.

  • Main method on how small molecules (O2 and CO2) move across the cell  membrane.

  • Particles constantly move and collide randomly. Spread out evenly. (Random kinetic motion of particles)

  • Requires no energy.

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Equilibrium

  • When the conc. of a system is the same throughout 

  • (same conc. on both sides)

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Osmosis

the diffusion of WATER through a selectively- permeable membrane.

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Isotonic

  • Concentration of water inside the cell is the same as outside

  • no net movement of water

  • cell stays the same

<ul><li><p><span>Concentration of water inside the cell is the same as outside</span></p></li><li><p><span>no net movement of water</span></p></li><li><p><span>cell stays the same</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Hypertonic

  • Low water concentration and high solute conc. outside the cell,

  • water moves out of the cell

<ul><li><p><span>Low water concentration and high solute conc. outside the cell, </span></p></li><li><p><span>water moves out of the cell</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Hypotonic

  • High water concentration and low solute conc. outside the cell

  • water moves into the cell

<ul><li><p><span>High water concentration and low solute conc. outside the cell </span></p></li><li><p><span>water moves into the cell</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Facilitated Diffusion

  • Molecules that cannot directly diffuse across membrane get help from special proteins.

  • called these protein channels

    • Allow specific things thru

    • NO energy needed!

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Aquaporins

  • Water channel proteins that allow water to pass right through them. 

  • Without aquaporins, water would diffuse in and out of cells  very slowly. 

  • Type of facilitated diffusion

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Passive Transport

The movement of dissolved materials through a cell membrane without the use of energy

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Active Transport

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy (from low conc. to high conc.)

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Transport Protein Pumps

  • form of active transport

  • When small ions and molecules are carried across membrane by protein pumps

    • Eg. Ca, K, Na

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Endocytosis  

  • The process of taking material INTO the cell

  • a form of active transport.

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Exocytosis

  • The process of releasing large amounts of material OUT of the cell.

  • a form of active transport.