Abnormal Psych

psychological disorder

deviant, distressful, & disfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

ADHD-attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

psychological disorder marked by the appearence by age 7 of 1+/3 symptoms including extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
-commonly overdiagnosed when child is overly rambunctious and increased awareness of disorder
-diagnosed 2-3x more in boys

medical model

concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and usually cured through hospital treatments.

DSM-IV-TR

American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

bio-psycho-social approach to disorders

-recognizes that mind and body are inseperable
-nature/nurture

psychotic disorders

psychological disorder in which the person loses contact with reality and experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.

Axis's for diagnosing psychological disorders

Axis I\= Is a Clinical Syndrome present? (largest)
Axis II\= Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present?
Axis III\=Is a General Medical Condition also present?
Axis IV\= Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems also present?
Axis V\= What is the Global Assessment of this person's functioning?

DSM of human strengths

Seeking to understand and help alleviate human ills and evils, but also to understand and promote human strengths and virtues.

Labels

-can serve as self-fulfilling prophecies (-)
-can offer something to judge people on (-)
-mental health professionals can use to communicate about cases, comprehend underlying causes, and discern effective treatment programs.

anxiety disorder

psychological disorder characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety, or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

generalized anxiety disorder

anxiety disorder where person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

panic disorder

anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minute(s)-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other sensations.

phobia

anxiety disorder marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.
-agoraphobia\=fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable

OCD-obsessive compulsive disorder

anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

PTSD-post-traumatic stress disorder

anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and insomia lingering for more than 4 weeks after experience.

post-traumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crisis.

stimulus generalization

fear one thing due to an experience and develop fear for all things similar (learning perspective)

reinforcment

avoiding/escaping a feared situation and anxiety is reduced, thus reinforcing fear.

somatic symptom disorder

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (body) form without apparent physical cause.

conversion disorder

rare somatoform disorder in which person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

illness anxiety disorder

somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.

dissociative disorder

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes seperated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

DID- dissociative identity disorder

rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalities.

mood disorder

psychological disorder characterized by emotional extremes.

psychmajor depressive disorder

mood disorder in which a person experiences 2 or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

mania

mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

bipolar disorder

mood disorder in which the person alternates between hoplessnesss and lethargy of depression and overexcited state of mania.

norepinephrine

neurotransmitter that increases arousal and boosts mood but scarce during depression and overabundant during mania.Having to do with mood disorders

serotonin

a neurotransmitter that affects hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood. lower than normal levels in depressed people

cycle of depressed thinking

1) negative/stressful events interpreted through 2) a pessimistic explanatory style create 3) a hopeless/depressed state that 4) hampers the way the person thinks and acts which in turn fuels 1) negative, stressful experiences like rejection.

schizophrenia

"split mind"- group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.
-excess of dopamine receptors (overactivity)
-chronic-process of developing or acute-reactive suddenly there
-fetal-virus increases odd of child getting and no environ. factors can randomly produce if no one related to that person never had

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

schizophrenic selective attention

irrelevant, minute stimuli, distract attention. hard to give undivided attention because cannot filter out other sensory stimuli.

hallucinations

sensory experiences without sensory stimuli, or seeing, feeling, tasting, and smelling things that are not actually there.

flat effect

lapse of emotionless state in schizophrenic's

catatonia

motionless for hours on end then become agitated. schizophrenia

paranoid

preoccuped with hallucinations or delusions, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity. schizophrenia

disorganized

jumbled speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion. schizophrenia

undifferentiated

many and varied symptoms of schizophrenia

residual

withdrawal, after hallucinations or delusions have dissapeared in schizophrenic's

personality disorder

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

avoidant personality disorder

personality disorder in which the person's fears of rejection by others leads to social isolation

schiziod personality disorder

odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to avoid close relationships as well as by emotional aloofness, reclusivity, and a lack of humor usually do not date or marry

histrionic personality disorder

personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior

narcissistic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by exaggerated ideas of self-importance and achievements; preoccupation with fantasies of success; arrogance

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.

insight therapies

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

active listening

giving the speaker empathic attention by echoing, restating, and clarifying what the speaker said so he/she know you were paying attention. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted actions/responses.

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.

systematic desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

virtual reality exposure therapy

An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

cognitive therapy

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

cognitive-behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines changing self-defeating thinking with changing actions/responses.

family therapy

therapy that treats those living with the individual being treated for a disorder as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, those with whom they live.

regression toward the mean

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.

evidence-based practice

clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system.

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

antipsychotic drugs

prescribed medicine used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors.

antianxiety drugs

prescribed medication used to control anxiouness and agitation.

antidepressant drugs

prescribed medication used to treat low spirits/moods; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters.

(electroconvulsive therapy) ECT

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) rTMS

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

psychosurgery

medical procedure that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

lobotomy

a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.

maladaptive

interferes w/ normal day-to-day life

Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds, wide open places, where one has felt a loss of control/panic

6 symptoms of depression

1. problems regulating appetite
2. problems regulating sleep
3. low energy
4. low self esteem
5. difficulty concentrating/making decisions
6. feelings of hopelessness

psychosis

a psychological disorder where a person lose contact w/ reality, experiencing irrational ideas & distorted perception

anorexia

eating disorder where a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight

bulmia

an eating disorder where a person alternates binge eating w/ purging (by vomiting or laxatives), excessive exercise or fasting

binge eating disorder

those who do significantly binge eating, followed by remorse but dont purge, fast or exercise excessively

free association

talking about yourself freely and continuously while in a relaxed state to find the cause of psychological causes

rational emotive behavior therapy

a confrontational cognitive therapy that vigorously challenges ppls illogical, self defeating attitudes and assumptions

stress inoculation training

teaching ppl to restructure thinking in stressful situations

group therapy

therapy conducted w/ groups permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust & mutual understanding between a therapist and client who work together constructively to overcome client’s problem

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EDMR)

a mental health treatment technique. This method involves moving your eyes a specific way while you process traumatic memories