US History I Honors Unit 7: Nationalism and Sectionalism

Luitenant Stephen Decatur

Captain of the USS Enterprise is sent on a suicide mission.

New Orleans

This key port is crucially important in this time period.

Key for produce, transportation

Secret Treaty of San Ildefonso

1800: Between France and Spain

• Napoleon acquires Louisiana but does not have control over it

• Livingston (Diplomat) is sent to ask what is going on and if Spain will sell Florida

1802: Spain revokes US right to use the Mississippi River

James Monroe

After the Secret Treaty of San Ildefonso, this person is sent to negotiate with the French

Louisiana Purchase

In 1803, Napoleon changes his mind

• He is already fighting in Britain and he doesn’t want a 2 front war with the US too

• He only wanted Louisiana as a breadbasket to grow food for the sugar islands

  • Slave Uprisings in Santo Domingo, Haiti overthrow the French

  • Losing control of Haiti rids him of the need for the territory

• He offers to sell Louisiana to the US

  • He avoids fighting and gains money for his war

• Livingston, Monroe are stunned: $15mln for all the French Territories 

  • Louisiana has tons of states (IA, ND, SD, KA, etc) and no known Eastern Boundary

The size of the US is doubled with the purchase

Consequences of the Louisiana Purchase

• Size of the US doubles

• No longer foreign threat on the West, Mississippi River

• Sea-sea nation

• In line with farmer’s vision

• Nail in the coffin of the Federalists along with the Alien and Sedition Acts

  • Feds see this as a chance to criticize TJ for the move away from urban centers

    • The whole country was however thrilled with the purchase

Lewis and Clark

Expedition searching West

This was the last gasp to find the Northwest Passage (which doesn’t exist)

• They pulled their way up river

• Had only one hostile native encounter but scared them away with their big slave, York

• Clark was a master cartographer and mapped the region

• Lewis journaled all he saw and sent back species of animals and plants

- This strengthened the US claim to  the Oregon Territory because they could reach it by land

     - Other  countries with a claim were Spain, Russia, England

- Increased Geographic Knowledge: Invaluable for new settlers along the Columbia and Missouri R.s

- Live + Stuffed Animals Sent back along with plant samples were new discoveries

- Improved Relations with Natives

Essex Junto

The Federalist Conspiracy

Trouble with Aaron Burr started when Clinton was nominated instead of Burr for TJ’s 2nd term VP.

• Burr wants the NY Gov. and forms a pact with the Federalists

• Once governor, he would unit with New England and form a separate country

• Most of the Federalists listen to Hamilton, not Burr. Hamilton insults Burr and is killed.

  • The death of Hamilton is the third nail in the Federalist Coffin

Burr Conspiracy

During the lame duck period after his VP term, a conspiracy about LA arises

• Burr starts corresponding with James Wilkinson (Gov of LA, on Spanish payroll)

• He also has close contact w/ Anthony Merry, the British Ambassador

In 1805, Burr leaves office and travels down the Ohio River

Burr raises an army on Harman Blennerhassett’s island and goes to Wilkinson.

Wilkinson is scared and comes clean to Jefferson and Burr is arrested for treason

Quids

Led by John Randolph. This is an extreme sector of the Democratic Republicans that were especially invested in state rights

John Randolph

Leader of the Quids

Yazoo Land Fraud

The government was selling land to speculators for cheap → earning lots of money

This is a scheme. The government steps in and wants to cancel the grant

• This would affect small farmers who have already bought the land. TJ steps in

• Jefferson wants to give federal land to the farmers as compensation

  • Not outlined in constitution, leading to trouble with the extreme strict construction Quids

Fletcher v Peck

The Yazoo Land Fraud leads to this Court case where the Farmers sued and got to the Supreme Court

• Government steps in and gives the grant for farmers 

• This shows that TJ’s party turned on him

• Marshall overturned the actions of the 2nd Georgia legislature (using judicial review for the first time to overthrow a state law)

Trouble with the British and French

The US first benefits from Napoleon fighting the british (Neutral, trade w/ both)

1807: exports rise until 1835, where everything is very profitable

Napoleon tries to cut off the British by not allowing continent trade

Britain tries to interfere with the US-France trade → impressment issue

Re-export Trade: The US picks up French trade because the French ships were destroyed by GB

• GB says that the French law says that goods have to be carried by French ships

• They seize US ships and say they are enforcing French Mercantilist laws

• The US then takes French goods and puts in American crates to trade with Europe

Tensions with GB Rise

Re-Export Trade

The US picks up French trade because the French ships were destroyed by GB

• GB says that the French law says that goods have to be carried by French ships

• They seize US ships and say they are enforcing French Mercantilist laws

• The US then takes French goods and puts in American crates to trade with Europe

Tensions with GB Rise

Impressment Controversy

• British sailors were being poorly paid and treated

• They would desert ships, get naturalized (often illegally), and go work on better US ships

• GB refused to recognize US citizens, took sailors off to check them: Impressment

Chesapeake Affair

1807: The Leopard (GB Warship) stops The Chesapeake (US Warship) (US Navy Vessel)

• British signaled that they had a mail dispatch

  • Officers then got on board and began to search for deserters

• After the commander ordered GB to go away, GB fires on them, kills, injures, and steals some

• TJ wants to stay out of the war, and Napoleon wants to prevent GB-Europe trade

  • Madison was sent: GB pays for damages and returns sailors (but they continue impressing)

Berlin Decree

Napoleon issues this Decree in 1806 that says that no ship coming from Britain may enter any French port or her allies on the continent (Europe)

Orders in Council

GB issues this in response to the Berlin Decree to ban ships trading in enemy ports unless they go to GB first to get permission

Milan Decree

France issues this in response to the Orders in Council that says that any ship complying with British rules is British and subject to seizure 1807

Embargo Act

In response to the decrees issued by the French and English, this act is issued by Congress and Thomas Jefferson

American ships are forbidden to leave US ports for any foreign country

• Makes trade stop altogether, cripples economy, NE, Feds livid

• Alienates NE shippers, cripples trade

• Goods are smuggled to Canada, storms “accidentally” blow ships across the ocean

• Madison is elected despite all of this

Non-Intercourse Act

Passed by Madison, the US trades with everyone except GB, France

Not much impact because they were the most impactful trading partners

This comes after the Embargo Act destroys trade

Macon’s Bill 2

Passed after the destructive Embargo and Non-Intercourse Acts

Trade with GB, France opens, but if either of them plays nice, the US will trade with one, embargo the other

Trade levels return

Henry Clay

This congressman from Kentucky is a great compromiser and is the Alexander Hamilton of this era. He looks to fix the economy.

The “Great Pacificator”

John C Calhoun

an American statesman and political theorist who served as the seventh vice president of the United States from 1825 to 1832. Born in South Carolina, he adamantly defended American slavery and sought to protect the interests of white Southerners.

Warhawks

This new generation of political influences wanted war prior to the war of 1812

Tecumseh

a chief traveling between FL, WI, making tribes work together and stop ceding land

Wanted to restart the native culture of communal land

Defeated by WIlliam Henry Harrison

War of 1812

June 18, 1812, the US declares war. 79-49 House vote and 14-19 Senate

• 5 days later, news arrives that Britain had repealed the acts

• NY, NJ, NE vote against war, PA and VT vote with the West in support

• “Mr. Madison’s War”

  • Many do not want the War, especially NE merchants whose businesses are dying

• The Federalists come up with the Western Expansion Theory: 

  • The Republicans and the South West go to war only because they want Canada

• The Quids opposed the war because it needs a strong  government and lots of expenses

Western Farmers who were experiencing an economic depression that they blamed on trade restrictions were for the war that they saw as a 2nd war for Independence

Oliver Hazard Perry

This person Clears Lake Eerie of warships: “we have met the enemy and they’re ours”

Battle of Bladensburg

The British marched in and burned every wooden building in sight

• Burned the library of Congress, so TJ donates his own library

Have to pass Fort McHenry to get to Baltimore (they failed)

Francis Scott Key

OHHHHH SAYYYY CANNNN YOU SEEEEEEE

BYYYYY THE DAWNS EARLYLYYYY LIGHTTTTTT

Andrew Jackson

This person was loved, but stern. He ordered a surprise attack on the British and lured them into a narrow area in the north of the city. The British suffered severe casualties (Battle of New Orleans).

He marched into Spanish Florida and captured a fort

“Old Hickory”

Hartford Convention

NE protests the war and says that a state has the right to interpose authority to protect itself

• Nullification doctrine (this time by Feds) and maybe even secession 
  

List of Amendments Demanded after the War

• Repeal the 3/5ths compromise

• Require ⅔ of Congress votes to admit states and declare war (wanted to delay states)

• Reduce Congressional power over trade restrictions

• Limit presidents to a single term

• Illegal for naturalized citizens to hold office

This was a very secret affair and many suspected treason. 4th Nail in Fed Coffin

Treaty of Ghent

Ends the war of 1812: “Status quo ante bellum” → back to ways before the war

• Go back to agreed lands before the war

• Release all prisoners

  • Impressment is not mentioned: no war with French anymore = not a problemS

Status Quo ante bellum

Back to the ways before the war

Consequences of the War of 1812

 The world starts to pay attention to and respect the US

- US accepts that Canada is British

- End to the Federalist party: never again run for president

- Era of Good Feelings: no back and forth due to there being only one political party left

- Nullification is still floating around and will come back

- Natives lose at Fallen Timbers, Horseshoe Bay → Britain abandons them

- Economy steps toward industrialization and grows

- New generation of political leaders

- Period of nationalism and pride in one's country

- Not as oriented towards Europe: moving west and disengaging from conflicts

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Agree to disarm the great lakes: no fortifications or navies: longest disarmed border in the world

Treaty of 1818

Share fishing rights off of Newfoundland

Joint occupation of Oregon territory

John Quincy Adams

(secretary of state) negotiates with Spain about Florida

• Able to think outside the box

• Negotiations interrupted by Andrew Jackson’s military (he is stupid)

He thinks outside the box

Adams Onis Treaty

Transcontinental Treaty / Florida Purchase

Spain gives up FL, relinquish its claim of the Oregon territory

US acknowledges that Texas is not part of the Louisiana Purchase

* The US is no longer hemmed in by European nations

Congress of Verona

1822

Austria, Prussia, Russia, France meet about how to maintain the status quo: should they work together to help Spain

• No Britain: they want Spain to lose for trade openings

  • They reach out to US → ask for an agreement to tell Europe to screw off

  • This means the US is finally recognized as a power at the negotiating table

• JQA sees that British are trying to stop colonialism and limiting power of US expansion

  • They don’t actually need the US to stop Europe

Monroe Doctrine

1. Tell Europe to stay on it’s half of the world, and the US will stay on its half

   1. North, South America are not subjects for future colonization by any European power

   2. No interference with current colonies (just no more)

2. Europe and America maintain their different political systems

   1. Any attempt to extend system of governing to the US will be considered “dangerous to peace and safety”

3. The US stays out of European wars

* Disengaging from European drama

Guiding foreign policy

Britain angry

Era of Good Feelings

End of war of 1812 to the 1824 election

• Feelings of nationalism, growing economy, Louisiana, Disengagement from politics

• Reflected in national art→ focus on America

• Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson, John Trimbel

• Noah Webster: First dictionary of American usages

• George Bancroft: first history of the United STates

• People continue to move west, population doubles

• Much more people could afford land with the 1820 land act

• Easier to move west: Tippecanoe, Horseshoe bend removed the Native threat

  • Less slavery and better education in the old NW coming from the north

  • SW: more slavery from the south moving in

• Need roads for travel, business, politics → “internal improvements”

• New generation of leaders

  • N: JQA, Daniel Webster, Martin van Buren

  • S: John C Calhoun (sec of war), William Crawford

  • W: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, Harrison

Underneath nationalism, sectionalism is growing (divisions)

Nationalism

Loyalty to the country as a whole

Sectionalism

Loyalty to your state

American System

Henry Clay’s plan to fix the economy

Internal Improvements

Part of Henry Clay’s American System

• Does not pass

• Calhoun’s “Bonus Bill”

  • Set aside bank funds to internal improvements in West

  • Madison vetoes his lsat day in office -- not an enumerated power

  • Most of the major road building is left to the states

Bonus Bill

Part of the Internal Improvements and written by Calhoun

• Set aside bank funds to internal improvements in West

• Madison vetoes his lsat day in office -- not an enumerated power

  • Most of the major road building is left to the states

Protective Tariff

Part of Clay’s American System

• This is meant to level the playing field for local and foreign merchants

• Promote manufacturing and raise revenue

• Can’t make tariff to high or else no one will buy foreign products

  • This would add a tax on foreign goods so they will be the same price or slightly more expensive than local goods

• Tariff of 1816

Tariff of 1816

• SW got behind and recognized the dangers of market flood (nationalism)

Calhoun realizes that tariffs will then cripple the South

National Bank

• Henry Clay brought this contribution of Hamilton back after the war of 1812

• During the 5 years w/o a bank, states and private banks were created

• 1816: recreate and recharter a national bank → new banks not happy

  • Huge advantage over small state banks in federal funding

  • State banks pressure legislature

  • MD taxes “all foreign banks” which includes that national bank

  • The cashier of the national bank sues MD while 5 other states tax the bank

The Bank Case

McCulloch v Maryland

• John Marshall sides with the bank

• Says Congress has the right to make a bank

• A state cannot tax a federal bank (power to tax is not power to destroy)

• This strengthens implied powers and reinforces loose construction

  • The economy grows

Panic of 1819

Banks weren’t as careful in lending practices as the national bank was

• Now the NB is back → can try to control inflation by tightening monetary policies

• Hard money: more expensive to borrow and the money value rises

• Financial crisis with bankruptcy and unemployment resulting from smaller banks closing and people being unable to pay off their debt → debtors prison

• Economy collapses: too much money was lent

  • Correction → coming back down

• Now, overspending is tilting the economy in the other direction and lots of farmers struggle

  • Prison reform: lots of people at risk of prison because they couldn't pay loads

• Lot’s of Westerners bought land on credit

• Tariff and Bank question splits the D-R party

  • Beginning of the end of the Era of Good Feelings

Transportation Revolution

This connected seaboard cities back to the Great Lakes to get produce and regain relevance after a general shift in perspective to the West (especially produce)

Turnpikes

The Lancaster Turnpike: a toll road that provided 15% of annual profit to stakeholders

• Stimulates development of the West

• Had to cut across Appalachian Mountains

National Road: Maryland to Illinois: connects the East and West

Wilderness Road: North and South Carolina (Cumberland Gap)

Federal Road: SC-GA - Mississippi

Not everyone in the East wanted roads because it made it easier for workers to leave West

Lancaster Turnpike

A toll road that provided 15% of annual profit to stakeholders

• Stimulates development of the West

  • Had to cut across Appalachian Mountains

National Road

Maryland to Illinois: connects the East and West

Wilderness Road

North and South Carolina (Cumberland Gap) Road

Federal Road

 SC-GA - Mississippi

Not everyone in the East wanted roads because it made it easier for workers to leave West

Steamboats

Robert Fulton puts a steam engine on a boat: “Fulton Folly”

• Traveled against the current from NYC to Albany in 32 hours

• No longer depend on wind, current, tide and creates 2 way arteries

• 10 mph: a lot faster and more efficient

  • Getting places faster vs safer

Robert Fulton

Put a steam engine on a boat

Fallen Timbers

Natives lose in this (forest)

Tippecanoe

Natives lose here (water)

Canal Boom

Part of the Transportation Revolution

• East reversing goods back to the coastal cities

• Connect Eastern Markets to Western Produce

• Begins with the Erie Canal

  • 1817: Dwitt Clenton (gov of NY) convinced the legislature to connect the Hudson river to Lake Erie

  • 363 miles, $7mln -- “governor’s gutter”

• Immediate success: paid for itself in 9 years

• Freight rates drop and travel time more than halves

• Transfer and redirecting commerce: NY is the largest city by 1830

• Value of land by canals rises

• Facilitate movement into old NW

• Unintended Consequence:

  • NE farmers can’t compete with W and go W to farm or work in factories

Black Ball Line

• Merchants usually only left port and got profit when the cargo was full

  • Lots of produce spoiled

  • This is the first regularly scheduled shipping line even if not full

Gibbons v Ogden

Steamboat Case

• Aaron Ogden purchased the right to operate a ferry on the Hudson River 

• Thomas Gibbon got a federal cruising license from the federal government

• Who has the right over the Hudson river?

• John Marshall sides with Gibbon: commerce was crossing state lines: gov>state

  • A broad interpretation of commerce (include services)

• Opens up interstate commerce in a new way

  • Continental economy connected by steamboats and roads

John Marhsall

He is a good judge

Railroads

Part of the Transportation Revolution

Faster, more reliable than canals and much less limited by terrain or weather

NY initially blocks them because of canals

Standard Gauge

• Wanted all railroad parts to be used on every track: interchangeable parts

Air Brakes: you can now stop all of the cars at once

Railroads ultimately bind the nation together

Standard Guage

All railroads have standard measurements

Air Brakes

Stopping all cars at once on a train

Telegraph

Communication Innovation in the Transportation Revolution

Samuel Morse invents the Telegraph: one wire, usable with Morse code

1832: Congress invests to “wire the US”

• “What has God wrought” is the first message

Telegraphs were laid along train lines, leading to the first train time tables

1850s: Cyrus Field “Greatest wire-puller in history” creates a New Finland - Ireland cable

• Queen Victoria to the President

1866: First permanent cable connecting the US and Europe

The Pony Express

The West captures US imagination

• Series of stops with people changing horses and carrying mail to Sacramento from Missouri

• Aged 11-40

  • Folded within a year

Market Revolution

1800s: little to no manufacturing, 1850: manufacturing passes agriculture

The market revolution sees growth of cities, a move form farms → factories, capitalism, and the roles of families and women change

There is less independence for workers (they are now part of a larger machine)

Wages increase but the gap between the rich and poor widens

Advent of the Corporation

This stimulates the Market Revolution

• Corporations were like big joint stock companies that sold stock for a larger pool

  • Large sums of money available to build canals and railroads

Dartmouth v Woodward

Charles RIver Bridge Case

States made it easy for companies to do projects

Roger Tawny presided over the case as Marshall’s successor

• MA in 1785 incorporated a company called “Proprietors of the Charles River”

  • Built toll bridge from Boston to Charlestown

• Legislatures later authorized a new bridge that would have no tolls once it was paid for

• The original bridge was no longer monopolizing the area due to the toll free bridge

Decision:

• MA legislature had granted privilege

• This has to be narrowly construed to protect public interest

• The public needed another bridge

Invites the new to replace the old

Patent Laws

These laws encourage innovation

Factory System

• Moving away from household manufacturing (family system)

  • Was like a guild system (apprentices, journeymen, etc.) and like an extended family living under one roof that only sold at local markets

• : Making a lot in a hurry: make parts and then put together

  • No more learning holistic skills: only a focus on parts

  • Earning a wage for the first time, more money available

  • Skillset decreasing along with value of work decreasing

  • No more living in one house as a family: more independence (usually for worse)

    • Geographical, social, economic dislocation as workers/journeymen left behind

  • No longer any moral pressure as a family unit to teach morals (ie family, drinking)

Familiy System

Guild System

Samuel Slater

Father of Industrialization

 sneaks plans for a mechanized spinning wheel out of GB

Arkwright system

• How to set up mechanical spinning wheels in factories run by water

  • All wheels connected to an axle that is connected to a water wheel

Almy and Brown Company

This company employed the Arkwright system during the war of 1812 for extreme profit

Waltham System

Invented by John Moody

• Spinning and weaving on different floors in one factory, powered by the same axle

John Moody

Inventor of the Waltham System

Francis Cabot Lowell

This person recruited New England Daughters to become Lowell Mill Girls

• Dormitories, Bible classes, wages for dowry and family

  • As wages, farms got worse, this opportunity got better 

  • More mills = more fabric = lower price → have to become more efficient

Lowell Mill Girls

Girls working in the Lowell mills under poor working conditions

Labor

New category emerging, new generation of wage earners

• Less individual value and everyone is more replaceable → decreased working conditions and relevance

• This didn’t lead to unrest: always the hope that you will eventually have enough $ to go W

  • Safety Tenet in the Frontier

  • Economy is still growing: more mobility

  • Immigration: Irish and Germans come from very harsh economic conditions

    • A focus on racial/ethnic differences instead of economic (el racismo)

    • Economic change did not happen as fast as it did in Europe

Unions

 Lowell Mills Girls are the earliest to try to bargain

• Ask for better wages, hours, conditions

• Don’t have as much power because they are easily replaced by immigrants

• States outlawed unions

Any job was better than no job: Couldn’t risk getting fired

Tariff, National Bank, Land Reform

These issues split the countries

Land Reform

• Public land acts, Western farmers want cheaper land

• Farmers move West for new opportunity (economical) : cotton

• Immigrants pour into NE cities and follow canals into the West

• Some Southern farmers don’t want cheap land because of the possible competition 

  • Factory owners don’t want people to leave either

• Slavery: The South didn’t want land to be sold in small increments so slavery would not be viable

  • This would mean that the number of free states would increase

Slavery

Biggest factor in sectionalism

• Slave trade is outlawed in 1808 but it continues within the country

• Leads to a political crisis with the  economical difference between regions

• NE: slavery not viable due to winters, bad soil, rocky terrain

• Some slavery exists in middle states

• The second  great awakening comes from NE churches: Moral question, emancipation movement

• South: lots of slaves but tobacco is no longer as profitable because of competition

• Cotton starts in the SE and moves SW: Most important cash crop

• Cotton and tobacco are not as expensive and can be grown by small and large farmers alike

• At first, there is enough economic diversity that conflict is not inevitable but  stays away

  • Politics begin to get involved

James Tallmadge

•  offers to amend the Missouri Bill to apply for state

Tallmadge Amendment

• Prohibit further introduction of slavery into Missouri

  • Children of Missouri slaves would be free at 25

• This would effectively lead to the gradual elimination of slavery

• The South is livid and Henry Clay seeks a compromise

Missouri Compromise

Missouri enters as a slave state

• Alongside Missouri, Main is brought in as a free state to maintain balance

• Rest of Louisiana is split align the 36 30 line and slavery is prohibited above it

  • Passes both houses and is signed by Monroe: preserves balance for 30 years

Zebulon Pike

This person led an expedition through the southwestern portion of the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase in 1806-7.

Western Expansion Theory

During the war of 1812, the federalists come up with this idea

• The Republicans and the South West go to war only because they want Canada

Noah Webster

This person creates the first dictionary of American usage of English words

George Bancroft

This person writes the first history of the US

Cyrus Field

Known as the “Great Wire Puller”, this person laid the first wire connecting the two continents

James Lawrence

Captain of the Chesapeake: “Don’t give up the Ship:

Erie Canal

This canal was built by governor Dewitt Clinton and turned out to be very successful