Wk 6 cervical + andrology

What is a screening program?

A program that looks at a healthy population to identify disease before it becomes apparent.

Why is early detection important in cancer treatment?

It is easier to treat cancer if it is caught early enough.

What are some conditions suitable for screening programs?

Conditions that are easily identifiable, treatable, and not too invasive.

How many women were screened for cervical abnormalities in the NHS last year?

3.2 million.

What type of screening is done for those with diabetes?

Routine eye screening to detect degenerative changes.

Who started the cervical screening program in 1964?

George Papanicolaou.

What technology was introduced in cervical screening in the year 2000?

Liquid-based cytology.

What virus causes changes in cervical cells?

Human papillomavirus (HPV).

What is the main aim of the World Health Organization regarding cervical cancer by 2030?

To eliminate cervical cancer.

At what ages do women typically receive cervical screening invitations?

Every three years until they are 50, then every five years until they are 65.

What is the primary risk factor associated with high-risk HPV types?

Cervical cancer.

What happens to HPV positive cases during follow-up?

If still positive after 12 months, they are referred for colposcopy.

What significant change did the cervical screening program undergo in 2020?

HPV detection became the primary screening tool.

What is cervical carcinoma?

Cancer that occurs once cervical cells break through the basement membrane.

How many types of high-risk HPV does the assay detect?

14 high-risk HPV types.

What is a common symptom that might lead to bladder cancer screening?

Blood in urine.

Which cancer ranks fourth worldwide among all cancers?

Cervical cancer.

What kind of cells are found in normal cervical epithelium?

Basal cells that divide and mature as they rise to the surface.

What defines an in-situ cancer?

Cancer that has not spread beyond the basement membrane.

What is the purpose of cytology?

To study cells to make a diagnosis.

What is the difference between cytology and histology?

Cytology studies individual cells while histology studies tissue architecture.

What does a normal thyroid tissue sample look like under a microscope?

Organized sheets of follicular cells with colloid.

What condition is characterized by low thyroid hormone levels?

Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

What is a ductal carcinoma?

Cancer that develops in the milk ducts of the breast.

What is the role of HER2 in breast cancer?

It controls cell growth, division, and repair.

How is a seminoma characterized?

By irregular nuclei and a high degree of cellular atypia.

What hormonal changes influence male fertility?

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone influences follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone.

How long does sperm production take?

Approximately 64 days.

What is considered a low sperm count?

A total sperm count of 15 million per mil or less.

What does morphology of sperm describe?

The size and shape of sperm cells.

What is azospermia?

The absence of sperm in ejaculate.

What is the primary method for analyzing sperm motility in a lab?

Observing sperm movement under a microscope.

What is IVF?

In Vitro Fertilization, where eggs are fertilized outside the body.

What does the 'egg retrieval' process entail in IVF?

Harvesting eggs after inducing superovulation.

What is the purpose of intrauterine insemination (IUI)?

To increase the number of sperm reaching the egg for fertilization.

What is the importance of measuring pH in semen analysis?

To identify infections or blockages.

How are sperm counted in a lab setting?

Using a counting chamber to get concentration counts.

What is the main difference in cytology between pap smears and histology?

Pap smears focus on nuclear detail and cell maturity.

What does a positive HPV test indicate for patient follow-up?

Further investigation and potential treatment if necessary.

What is the function of the acrosome in sperm?

To release enzymes necessary for penetrating the egg.

What are choilocytes?

Cells that show changes associated with HPV infection.

What role does the mitochondria play in sperm cells?

Provides energy for sperm to swim.

What are the signs of breast cancer?

Lump in the breast, change in shape, dimpling of skin.

What is the significance of the basement membrane in cancer detection?

It separates normal cells from invasive cancer.

What is the use of immunohistochemistry in pathology?

To assess specific proteins in tissue samples.

How does the thyroid function within the body?

By producing hormones that regulate metabolism.

What is a common benign breast condition?

Fibroadenoma.

What influences sperm production and quality?

Hormonal regulation, environmental factors, and genetics.

What is the impact of high testicular temperature on fertility?

It can result in increased abnormal sperm.

What is the significance of progressive sperm in fertility assessment?

Progressive sperm movement is the most significant predictor of fertilization and pregnancy success.

How is sperm motility classified?

Sperm motility is classified into three categories: progressive (moving forward), non-progressive (moving but not effectively), and immotile (not moving).

What is considered low motility in sperm analysis?

Low motility is defined as progressive motility under 32% or total motility (progressive and non-progressive) under 40%.

What factors can impact the analysis of sperm samples?

Factors include the timing of sample collection, abstinence before collection, and possible delays in sample delivery.

What is the purpose of a hemocytometer in sperm analysis?

A hemocytometer is used to count sperm concentration and assess sperm quality by providing a standardized counting area.

What defines a low sperm count?

A low sperm count is classified as fewer than 15 million sperm per milliliter.

What is the role of assisted reproductive technologies in fertility treatment?

Assisted reproductive technologies, like IUI, IVF, and ICSI, help increase the chances of conception by improving sperm delivery and egg fertilization.

What is the success rate of intrauterine insemination (IUI)?

The success rate of IUI is approximately 10-12% per round.

How does IVF (in vitro fertilization) work?

IVF involves harvesting eggs, preparing sperm, and fertilizing the eggs in a petri dish before implanting the fertilized egg into the uterus.

What is ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)?

ICSI is a procedure where a single sperm is directly injected into an egg, often used when sperm motility is high.