9

Plants avoid selfing using mechanisms such as __________ and __________ separation. (a) spatial (b) temporal (c) chemical (d) genetic

spatial; temporal

The flowers at the bottom of Sage open __________ the flowers at the top. (a) after (b) before (c) at the same time (d) randomly

before

Self incompatibility involves recognition of the __________ composition of the pollen grain. (a) structural (b) biochemical (c) genetic (d) physical

biochemical

In self incompatibility, the female reproductive organ can stop pollen grain growth at three levels: stigma, style, and __________. (a) ovule (b) leaf (c) root (d) petal

ovule

Apple trees are __________, meaning they require at least two genetically distinct individuals to produce fruit. (a) self compatible (b) self dependent (c) self incompatible (d) self sufficient

self incompatible

Flowers can use a combination of mechanisms such as self incompatibility along with __________ and __________ separation. (a) temporal (b) chemical (c) spatial (d) physical

temporal; spatial

One specific adaptation of Sage involves a lever mechanism that deposits pollen on the __________ of an insect. (a) bum (b) leg (c) wing (d) mouth

bum

Wind pollinated plants typically have small, inconspicuous flowers that do not invest in __________. (a) advertisement (b) reproduction (c) attraction (d) color

advertisement

The color seen best by bees includes __________ and __________ ranges. (a) blue (b) yellow (c) red (d) green

blue; yellow

Plants that are pollinated by the wind have long __________ and feathery __________ to capture pollen from the air. (a) petals (b) leaves (c) styles (d) roots and (a) stigmas (b) trichomes (c) leaves (d) petals

styles; stigmas

An advantage of biotic pollination over wind pollination is that biotic pollination can be more __________ and __________. (a) precise (b) random (c) directed (d) effective

precise; directed

The __________ and the __________ of a flower can often indicate its primary pollinator. (a) color (b) size (c) shape (d) aroma

color; shape

Hummingbird pollinated flowers typically produce __________ nectar which is more liquid than that of insect-pollinated flowers. (a) thick (b) sweet (c) runny (d) syrupy

runny

Hummingbirds prefer flowers that are __________ in color, especially in contrast to bee-pollinated flowers. (a) blue (b) red (c) yellow (d) purple

red

The evolutionary adaptation of nectar guides in flowers assists bees in locating the __________ more quickly. (a) nectar (b) pollen (c) flowers (d) mates

nectar

Bees feed their young on __________, which is rich in protein. (a) nectar (b) honey (c) pollen (d) sugar

pollen

To avoid wasting pollen during the pollination process, plants often utilize mechanisms such as __________ and __________ separation. (a) spatial (b) temporal (c) chemical (d) genetic

temporal; spatial

Pollination by __________ allows plants not to invest in advertisement or reward but requires large quantities of pollen to be effective. (a) wind (b) insects (c) birds (d) bats

wind

The primary benefit of self incompatibility is that it prevents __________ in flowering plants. (a) competition (b) hybridization (c) self fertilization (d) pollination

self fertilization

Bees can see ultraviolet light, which allows them to detect __________ patterns in flowers. (a) nectar (b) color (c) scent (d) shape

nectar

The design of flowers for hawk moths often save carbon by having __________ and strong scents emitted primarily at night. (a) bright colors (b) dull colors (c) unusual shapes (d) sweet fragrances

dull colors

Self incompatibility is considered incredibly __________ and varies significantly across species. (a) simple (b) complex (c) predictable (d) common

complex

To fertilize successfully, many flowering plants need to rely on __________ from multiple individuals. (a) genetic diversity (b) hybridization (c) inbreeding (d) environmental factors

genetic diversity

Sage’s flower architecture includes a __________ mechanism that deposits pollen when insects feed on nectar. (a) lever (b) spring (c) sliding (d) locking

lever

Cheating plants may use deceptive strategies, like mimicking the appearance of female species to attract male pollinators without providing __________. (a) pollen (b) nectar (c) rewards (d) color

rewards

Flowers pollinated by __________ typically have narrow floral tubes that only allow specific pollinators access to nectar. (a) butterflies (b) bees (c) wind (d) bats

butterflies

To maximize pollen transfer during biotic pollination, flowers may produce __________ nectar rewards. (a) abundant (b) minimal (c) colorless (d) sweet

abundant

Research indicates that approximately __________ percent of flowering plants are pollinated by the wind. (a) 10 (b) 50 (c) 30 (d) 90

10

The primary function of temporal separation within flowering plants is to ensure __________ during pollination. (a) effectiveness (b) efficiency (c) success (d) competition

effectiveness

Flowers that are primarily insect-pollinated often utilize colors that are easily seen by their target __________. (a) pollinators (b) competitors (c) predators (d) mates

pollinators

Self incompatibility is a method many angiosperms use to enhance genetic __________ and prevent self-fertilization. (a) diversity (b) similarity (c) compatibility (d) purity

diversity

Nectar guides in flowers help direct pollinators towards the __________, improving the chances of successful pollination. (a) nectar source (b) flowers (c) leaves (d) pollen

nectar source

For trees that rely on wind for pollination, their flowers often develop long __________ to facilitate the dispersal of pollen. (a) stamens (b) petals (c) leaves (d) roots

stamens

Bees are unable to see the color __________, which can help differentiate between bee-pollinated and non-bee-pollinated flowers. (a) red (b) blue (c) yellow (d) green

red

To increase pollination efficiency, some plants display multiple flowers that cluster into a __________ for easy access by various pollinators. (a) platform (b) group (c) cluster (d) patch

platform

Insects like bees and hummingbirds tend to favor flowers with concentrated __________ as rewards for their efforts. (a) nectar (b) pollen (c) sugar (d) debris

nectar

Wind-pollinated species typically rely on having large quantities of __________ to ensure some reaches the reproductive structures. (a) pollen (b) nectar (c) seeds (d) leaves

pollen

A supporting trait for biotic pollination is the production of __________, which attract and reward pollinators while ensuring that pollen is transferred. (a) nectar (b) color (c) fragrance (d) petals

nectar

Many orchids attract male pollinators by mimicking the __________ of their female counterparts during blooming periods. (a) color (b) appearance (c) size (d) fragrance

appearance

Hummingbirds have a unique feeding adaptation in the form of a __________ tongue that allows them to efficiently extract nectar. (a) forked (b) split (c) long (d) thin

split

Flowers that are adapted to wind pollination often lack the __________ found in insect-pollinated species. (a) pollen (b) bright colors (c) parts (d) nectar

bright colors

The biochemistry of self incompatibility involves a complex recognition system that determines pollen compatibility by __________ composition. (a) genetic (b) structural (c) physical (d) chemical

genetic

Nectar rewards must be balanced according to the needs of different types of pollinators, such as providing for __________ feeding requirements. (a) larval (b) adult (c) nectar (d) pollen

larval

Sage flowers demonstrate a unique adapted mechanism that allows pollinators to transfer pollen effectively during the __________ phase. (a) reproductive (b) male (c) flowering (d) attracting

male

Pollination strategies are defined as the interaction between plants and their __________ over evolutionary time. (a) pollinators (b) competitors (c) nutrients (d) predators

pollinators

In areas with low forest cover and high winds, plants are more likely to evolve __________ adaptations for reproduction. (a) biotic (b) wind-pollinated (c) chemical (d) floral

wind-pollinated

Many plants exhibit __________ relationships with a select few pollinators, which can improve reproductive success. (a) generalist (b) specialized (c) random (d) opportunistic

specialized

The role of scent in flower adaptation varies between day and night pollinators, with night pollinators often requiring __________ fragrances. (a) strong (b) sweet (c) floral (d) mild

strong

To maximize pollen capture, plants may adjust the __________ of their reproductive structures to suit their primary pollinators' anatomy. (a) architecture (b) size (c) color (d) shape

architecture

Some flowers develop __________ mechanisms to prevent selfing while optimizing pollen transfer from external sources. (a) mechanical (b) chemical (c) evolutionary (d) structural

mechanical

In the context of pollination, structural adaptations can also mitigate risks associated with __________ events during flowering. (a) accidental self-fertilization (b) mutualistic (c) hybridization (d) destructive

accidental self-fertilization

Many angiosperms display a range of floral morphology that serves both to attract specific __________ and to enhance fertility rates. (a) pollinators (b) nutrients (c) environmental factors (d) pests

pollinators