Quiz 1

7 Charactaristics of life

Complex Organization, Reproduction, Adaptation, Homeostasis, Response to Stimuli, Metabolism, Growth.

Protons

Particals found in the nucleus of an atom and are positively charged.

Electrons

Found orbiting around an atom and are negatively charged.

Neutrons

Found in the nucleus of an atom and don’t have a charge.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost ring of the atom. Must have 8 to be stable or 2 for helium.

Ionic Bonds

When one or more atoms bonds with another by giving it an atom to make eachother stable.(salt)

Covalent Bonds

When one or more atoms bond to one another by sharing electrons to make eachother stable.(water)

Other forms of bonds

Van DER waal bonds. Hydrogen bonds.

5 characteristics of water

1. Its polar

2. Hydrogen bonds

3. Cohesion

4. Adhesion

5. High Heat Capactiy

Cohesion

Water molecules preferring to bond to one another over another substance. This is why water droplets make domes.

Adhesion

Water molecules preferring to stick to other molecules like glass. This is where we get capilarity.

Two types of mixtures

Suspensions and Solutions.

Solutions

Fully dissolved/mixed mixture.

Suspension

Partially dissolved/mixed mixture.

Parts of a Solution

Solutes and Solvents.

Solute

Whats being dissolved.

Solvent

Whats doing the dissolving.

PH

how acidic or alkaline a substance is.

PH of water

7

Acids

More positive hydrogen ions. PH < 7

Bases

More negative OH. PH > 7

Oganic Atoms

1. Carbon

   Hydrogen

   Nitrogen

   Oxygen

   Phosphorous 

   Sulfur

   CHNOPS!

Polymerizations

Monomers become Polymers

4 groups of macromolecules

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

What are carbohydrates made of?

Monosaccharaides(glucose) and Polysacchariades(starch).

What do Carbohydrataes do?

Main source of energy

What are plant fibers mostly made of

Carbohydrates

Form of Carbohydrates

Hexagons

What do lipids do?

Energy Storage. Cell Membranes. Water Proofing.

Triglycerides are what type of macromolecule

Lipids

Types of Triglycerides

Saturated, Unsaturates, polysaturates, and trans fats.

Lipids store more - than carbohydrates, but take - to process

Energy. Longer.

Adipocyte

a lipid cell that is like a normal cell but with a fat resovior in it.

How do lipids make cell membranes

They have hydrophilic heads that face the outward and hydrophobic tails that face each other on the inside to create a membrane.

Sturated lipids are

Solid at room temperature(wax)

Unsaturated Lipids are

Liquid are room temperature(oil)

What macromolecules are chemical messangers

lipids

List some chemical messangers

Cholesterol, Testostorone, and Estridiol.

What are proteins made of

amino acids

How many types of amino acids are there

20+

What determines the function of a protein

the sequence of amino acids

Levels of orgainzation for porteins

Primary. Secondary. Tertiary. Quaternary.

What are poly peptide chains made of

Amino Acids

What is Nucleic Acid

Polymers made up of neucleotides

Two types of Neucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

DAN

Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid

RNA

Ribo-Nucleic Acid

What type of macromolecule is ATP

Nucleic Acid

What is a chemical reaction

It changes one set of molecules or compounds into another set of molecules or compounds.

Reactants

what is put in a chemical reaction.

Products

What comes out of a chemical reaction.

Carbon Dioxide in Blood

Carbod Dioxide mixes with Wates to creat Carbonic acid which immediately runs into bicarbonates with an extra hydrogen atom which is absorbed by hemoglobin to be disposed of.

What happens to energy in reactions

it is either absorbed or released.

What do Enzymes do

They decrease the activiation energy needed for a chemical reation.

Activation energy

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

When does a chemical reaction absorb heat

When separating two compounds.

Heterotrophs can metabolizes this type of macromolecule for fast easy energy.

Carbohydrates

What order of protein is hemoglobin

quaternary

Substrates bind to what type of enzyme

active site.

Parts of a Nucleotide

Notrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar chain, phosphate group.

What is not a function of lipids

Slick surfaces to move on.

Glucose is what

Monoscaccharide.

Cells use phospholipid bulayers to do what.

To maintain a separate and stable internal environment. different compartments inside a cell. Homeostasis.

What type of macromolecule is an enzyme

Protein.

Do Enzymes diminish after chemical reacitons

no

What affects enzymes

Temperature, PH, and regulatory molecules.

What doesnt affect enzymes

the concentration of a substrate

The reactants of an enzyme catalyzed reaction are called what

substraes

Metabolism

THe combination of chemical reactions in which and organism breaks down and builds up molecules.

Amylase

an enzyme that breaks down polysaccharaides into monosaccharides.

Enzymes substrate complex

When a substrate bonds to the active site of an Enzymes.

Strongest types of chemical bond

ionic

What are not soluable in water

nucleic acids.

Only type of bonding for carbon adoms

covalent bonding.

Why is water polar?

Water is polar because the oxygen is negative because it has more electrons than protons and the hydrogens are positive because they have more protons than electrons.

What cant be bonded to carbon to creat organic compouds

calcium