Digestive system

heterotrophic nutrition

mode of nutrition in which organism depends upon other organism for food

division of digestive system

alimentary track

accessory organs

organs in alimentary track

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

accessory organs

salivary glands

liver

pancreas

gall bladder

function of alimentary system

food passes through it

function of accessory organs

aids in the process of digestion

esophgaus

hollow tube, that passes food mixed with saliva by peristalsis

stomach

temporary storage tank mixes food with acid (ph 1-2) by churning and mixing, begins protein digestion

small intestine

long folded tube, responsible for digestion of lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and neutralises stomach acid

large intestine

re-absorbs water, further digests carbohydrates, forms and stores feces

salivary glands

produce amylose which breaks down starch

liver

produces bile, takes in raw materials to transform them into key chemicals

pancreas

produce enzymes helping in digestion and absorption, releases hormones responsible for controlling blood level (insulin, glucagon)

gall bladder

stores and regulates bile

types of digestion

mechanical

physical

feature of mechanical digestion

physical breakdown of food

feature of chemical digestion

break down of food by chemical enzymes

churning

physically (contractions of the stomach) mixing of food with digestive juices

peristalsis

waves of contraction of circular or longitudinal muscle layers, occurring in one direction

segmentation

contraction and relaxation, of non-adjecent segments of circular muscle, responsible for greater mixing with digestive juices

mucus membrane

protective layer preventing damage done by stomach acid to the gastric sleeve

bile

contains bile salts, which breakdown fat globolus into smaller droplets

emulsification

process of breakdown of fat globolus into smaller droplets which allows for the higher surface area

enzymes

biological catalysts

catalysysts

speeds up rate of reaction, by lowering activation energy

process of digestive track

ingestion
digestion
absorption
assimilation
elimination

organ responsible for ingestion

oral cavity

organ responsible for digestion

salivary glands
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

organ responsible for absorption

small intestine
large intestine
liver

organ responsible for assimilation

small intestine
large intestine
liver

organ responsible for elimination

rectum

parts of small intestine

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

function of deodenum

emulsification of fat globolus, fed digestive fluids

function of jejunum

digestive process, breakdown of sugars, protein, lipids

function of ileum

nutrition absorption

structure of small intestine

serosa
muscle layer
submucosa
mucosa

serosa

protective layer, enforced by fiborus connective tissue

muscle layer

outerlayer of longitudinal muscle and inner circular muscle

what kind of movement is the longitudinal muscle responsible for

peristalsis

what kind of movement is the circular muscle responsible for

segmentation

submucosa

connective tissue separating muscle layer from internal mucosa

mucosa

highly folded inner layer

vili

finger- like folds in small intestine

features of vili

microvilli

rich blood supply

singular epithelial layer

lactelas

intestine gland

membrane protein

function of microvilli

further ruffling, which increases surface area

function of rich blood supply

dense capilary network allows for faster absorption of products

function of single layer epithelium

minimalisation of diffusion distance between lumen and blood

lumen

the space within the tubes, tracts, cavities, and cells of the body

function of lactelas

absorption of lipids into lymphatic system

function of intestine glands

release of digestive fluids

function of membrane protein

faciliation of transport of digested materials into epithelial cells

structure of villi

tight junctions
microvilli
mitochondria

pinocytosis vesicles

function of tight junctions in villi

creation of association in plasma membrane of adjecent cells creating a barrier and concentration gradient

function of microvilli in villi

increasing the surface area, increasing the absorption

function of mitochondria in villi

providing ATP for transport

function of pinocytosis vesicles in villi

uptake of fluids

types of transport

active
passive

enzyme breaking down starch

amylose

enzyme breaking down lactose

lactase

enzyme breaking down sucrose

sucrase

enzyme breaking down protein and polypeptides

proctease

enzyme breaking down nucleic acids

nuclease

enzyme breaking down triglycerides

lipase

enzyme breaking down phospholypids

phospholipase

into what starch breaks down

maltose

into what lactose breaks down

glucose, galactose

into what sucrose breaks down

glucose, fructose

into what DNA and RNA breaks down

nucleotides

into what protein and polypeptides break down

shorter polypeptides

into what triglycerides break down

fatty acids, glycerol or fatty acids, monoglycerides

into what phospholipids break down

fatty acids, phosphate, glycerol