Unit 4 Geography of Identity AP Human Geo

the state

What entity is the most powerful when it comes to identity?

nationalist identity

a person's identity or sense of belonging to one or more states or to one or more nations

ethnicity

identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth

nationality

identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a particular country

race

identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait, such as skin color

Yes, certain societies have normalized racial categories that vary from other societies

Are racial categories social constructs?

reinforcement of racial categories in the United States

residential segregation, racialized divisions of labor, and categories of race in the census

5 racial categories on the census

White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

1997

When were people allowed to choose more than 1 race on the census?

They identify with any race they wish

How do hispanics or latinos handle the census?

Puerto Ricans and Dominicans

In NYC what are the dominating ethnicities of Hispanics?

succession

Process by which new immigrants to a city, move to and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups.

business names reflect names of places or cultural practices in home countries, flag colors are depicted, and religious aspects

How do Hispanics in NYC affect the cultural landscape?

Percentage of Hispanics in LA

48\.48%

barrioization

dramatic increase in Spanish populations in certain areas

Southwest(greater than 25% of the population in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and California)(Florida and New York also have large Hispanic populations)

Where are Hispanics clustered in the U.S.?

residential segregation

2 or more groups live separately from one another in different parts of the urban environment(although presently it is declining)

Plessy v Ferguson

established separate but equal treatment of races(allowed Jim Crow Laws)

examples of Jim Crow Laws

Black people had to sit on the back of the bus, businesses could choose to only serve white people, segregated schools

restrictive covenants

prevented homeowners from selling their homes to black people(also affected roman Catholics and Jews)

Brown v Board

overturned segregation laws

white flight

emigration of white people from an area in anticipation of incoming black people(suburbanization)

blockbusting

real estate agents convinced white people to sell their homes in fear that when black people move near it would cause property values to fall

Southeast(more than 25% of the population in Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, Maryland, Mississippi and South Carolina)(distribution caused by the triangular slave trade)

Where are African American people clustered?

Hardships of triangular slave trade

Separation of families and destruction of villages, took strong individuals, packed into high density ships w/ minimum food and sanitation

redlining

financial institutions drew red lines on maps to mark where they wont lend money to people to purchase or improve property(result of this and blockbusting caused neighborhoods to change from white to black)

apartheid

system in South Africa allowed discrimination by race

designated home lands for blacks where each black person had to become a citizen, 91% of the homelands were black which was a form of discrimination in which the placement of their homelands determined what they had access to.

How did the south African government guarantee geographic isolation of black people?

Nelson Mandela

first black president of South Africa

unequal income and wealth(set off black people to be generally more poor)

What has the apartheid system caused modernly?

ghettos

neighborhoods in northern cities that were black dominant

1950s and 1960s

black people moved from highly clustered communities into adjacent neighborhoods

12% of Asian-Americans

California

Southwest and Alaska(more than 10% of the population in Alaska, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and South Dakota)

Where are Native Americans clustered?

ethnic enclave

a place with a high concentration of an ethic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area(found in large cities and strengthened by chain migration)

Examples of ethnic clusters in rural areas

Quebec, Utah, Navajo reservation

urbanization, brain drain, lack of marriage partners, lack of co.ethnics to sell land to, less land due to industrializing agriculture

Why are ethnic clusters endangered?

Change of Ethnic clusters in the U.S.

Clusters are mostly Latin american and Asian rather than European. Since Latin America and Asia are in stage 2-3 of the DTM they supply immigrants as well as quota laws in 1965 limited European migration

sequent occupance

Visual imprint of culture which shows previous ethnicities in a landscape

ehthnoburb

a suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnicity

Ethnic conflict in South Asia

British left their rule resulting in a partition. India was majority hindu while east and West Pakistan was majority Muslim. Massive migration arose to separate the religions, violence between migrants occurred.

Kashmir

never agreed to line of control, Muslims have founded a guerrilla war to unite with Pakistan

Kurds

found in East Turkey and western Iran, land was stolen by Turks that was promised to the Kurds(Kuridistan). Fought a guerrilla war because their culture was supressed by the Turks.

stateless nation

an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state

multiethnic state

a state with a variety of ethnicities who forge a greater allegiance to a national identity

Welsh, English, Irish, and Scots

What 4 groups make up the British Isles?

multinational state

a state that contains multiple cultural traditions with self determination that agree to coexist and recognize each other as a distinct nationality

nationalism

loyalty and devotion to a nationality

ethnic cleansing

a purposeful policy to remove other religious/ethnic groups from a territory with violence or terror

genocide

mass murder of a group of people in attempt to eliminate their group

Rohingya

A Sunni Muslim group in Myanmar that are being forced into Bangladesh and are not considered citizens of Myanmar

Yugoslavia

established after ww2 to unite south slavs although when its founder(Tito) died problems arose because ethnic borders didn’t match actual ethnic distribution

in order to unite with Serbia and Croatia, they ethnically cleansed Bosniaks from areas.

What did Serbs and Croats do to Bosniaks?

launched a campaign of ethnic cleansing to drive Albanians into Albania out of Kosovo although this was stopped after airstrikes hit Serbia

What did Serbs do in Kosovo after Yugoslavia fell?

balkanized

a geographic area that couldn’t be organized into stable countries because many ethnicities live there and antagonize each other

balkanization

the process in which a state breaks down because of ethnic conflict

Africa was divided into colonies that didnt take account of ethnic areas and distribution, causing ethnic conflict.

How has European colonialism affected modern-day Africa?

Rwanda and Burundi where both ethnicities had conflict because the Hutus launched a genocide and killed many Tutsis in both countries however the Tutsis prevailed.

What happened with the Hutus and Tutsis?

Democratic Republic of the Congo

home of the deadliest war in the past 70 years and is a spillover from conflict in Rwanda and Burundi

division of labor

What is an obvious way societies are gendered?

women migrate from rural areas to cities to earn a wage that supports their siblings education as well many women migrate to the middle east to work as domestics and earn a wage to send back home

What 2 migration patterns result from young women supporting their families in LDC s?

remittances

wages a migrant earns sent to family of their home country/city

heteronormative

default thinking or assumptions regarding gender

Jim Crow Laws

What is an example of power relationships used to discriminate against a group?

percentage of food produced by women in LDCs

more than 50%

building homes, digging wells, planting and harvesting crops, and making clothes

What activities performed by women in poorer countries are not accounted for as part of economic production?

East Europe and Asia

where has the labor force of women not grown?

men trade crops they grow

Why do women not benefit from crops they grow?

lobbied for more representation in the government(Rwanda has the most female representation)

How have women tried to change their situation in the labor force?

dowry death

the brutal punishment, burning, or murder of a bride because her fathers failure to fulfill a marriage agreement(In India this isn’t improving)